Stearoyl-ACP Delta 9 DesaturaseMight not be the only Factor Affecting Unsaturated Fatty Acids Concentration in Oil Palm (Elaeis Sp.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Heri Siregar ◽  
Adi Yulandi ◽  
Maggy Suhartono
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2838
Author(s):  
Nik Suhaimi Mat Hassan ◽  
Md. Sohrab Hossain ◽  
Venugopal Balakrishnan ◽  
Mark Harris Zuknik ◽  
Muliadi Mustaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Palm Fruits ◽  
Cold Pressed

Palm oil is known to be rich in carotenoids and other phytonutrients. However, the carotenoids and phytonutrients degrade due to high heat sterilization of oil palm fruits. The present study was conducted to produce carotenoid-rich virgin palm oil (VPO) using cold-press extraction. Herein, the influence of sterilization of oil palm fresh fruits in the production of cold-pressed VPO was determined with varying sterilization temperatures, times, and amounts of palm fruits in sterilization. The experimental sterilization conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the maximum VPO yield and minimum FFAs in cold-pressed VPO. The optimal sterilization experimental conditions of oil palm fruits were determined to be a sterilization temperature of 62 °C, a time of 90 min, and an amount of oil palm fruits of 8 kg. Under these experimental conditions, the maximum cold-pressed VPO yield and the minimal content of free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained were 27.94 wt.% and 1.32 wt.%, respectively. Several analytic methods were employed to determine cold-pressed VPO quality and fatty acids compositions and compared with the crude palm oil. It was found that cold-pressed VPO contains higher carotenoids (708 mg/g) and unsaturated fatty acids compared with the carotenoid (343 mg/g) and fatty acid compositions in CPO. The findings of the present study reveal that the sterilization temperature potentially influences the carotenoid and nutrient contents in VPO; therefore, the optimization of the sterilization conditions is crucial to producing carotenoid- and phytonutrient-rich VPO.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical Characterization of Palm Kernel Oil Extracted from the Seeds of Two Varieties of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) for Possible Use in Feed or Food

2019 ◽  
pp. 341-353
Author(s):  
Yapi Amin Paulin ◽  
Kouadio Ahou Irène
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Codex Alimentarius ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

This study was carried out in order to assess the quality of the type of palm kernel oil suitable for the alternative in animal oil in feed or food. To reach this objective, oil D and oil T extracted respectively from the seeds of the varieties Dura and Tenera of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) by the Soxhlet method using hexane as a solvent were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. The results obtained show that the values for the physical parameters (Oil yield, density and percentage of impurities) of both oils were similar and fell in those of the standards of Codex Alimentarius 2015. However, for the chemical parameters (Acid value, percentage of free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value and ester value), the values obtained for oil D were the highest, but for both oils, the values were above those recommended by the standards of Codex Alimentarius 2015, excepted the Saponification values and the Ester values which were below these standards. The determination of fatty acids composition by Gas Chromatography showed that these oils were not significantly different. Indeed, the totals saturated fatty acids were in amounts of 87.92% ± 0.17 and 87.53% ± 0.24, while the totals unsaturated fatty acids were in amounts of 12.08% ± 0.02 and 12.47% ± 0.02 respectively for oil D and oil T. The predominant fatty acid was lauric acid in amounts of 36.87% and 37.84% respectively for oil D and oil T. Thus, these palm kernel oils could be used as ingredients and preservatives in feed due to their content in lauric acid which is known to possess antimicrobial properties and also to their content in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) which are an indicator of oil quality. However, oil T seems to be more suitable for the alternative in animal oil in feed due to its percentage of free fatty acid which is less than that of oil D.

scholarly journals Comportamiento agronómico del cultivar híbrido RC1 de Palma de aceite (Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guineensis) x Elaeis guineensis

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Bastidas ◽  
Eduardo Peña ◽  
Rafael Reyes ◽  
José Pérez ◽  
William Tolosa
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Elaeis Oleifera ◽  
La Palma ◽  
Palm Species

<p>Se realizó transferencia de genes desde la especie Nolí (<em>Elaeis oleifera</em>) a la especie Palma de aceite (<em>Elaeis guineensis</em>) mediante retrocruzamientos con el propósito de obtener un cultivar que tuviera alta producción de frutos y aceite por unidad de área, baja tasa de crecimiento, tolerancia a enfermedades, y aceite con alto contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados y carotenos. La primera generación de retrocruzamiento RC1 se obtuvo mediante polinización controlada entre palmas del híbrido interespecífico F1 (<em>Elaeis oleifera </em>x <em>Elaeis guineensis</em>) usadas como progenitor femenino, con palmas de la especie <em>Elaeis guineensis </em>como progenitor masculino. En 1995 se establecieron en campo las descendencias de cinco cruces RC1, planteando como hipótesis de segregación que el 50% de los descendientes corresponderían al genotipo de palma de aceite y el 50% restante al genotipo del híbrido RC1 con carga genética africana (75% <em>E. guineensis </em>y 25% <em>E. oleifera</em>). Los datos de campo se analizaron con base en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo jerárquico y desigual número de repeticiones por tratamiento; para probar la hipótesis se aplicó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado (χ2). En el cuarto año de producción los híbridos RC1 promisorios alcanzaron 35,0 t·ha<sup>-1</sup> de fruto, con 19,6% de aceite y una producción anual estimada de aceite de 6,3 t·ha<sup>-1</sup>. Estos híbridos crecieron en promedio 25,8 cm por año, característica que aumenta a más de 40 años la expectativa de vida útil de la plantación. Hasta la fecha presentan tolerancia a cuatro enfermedades de carácter letal que afectan la Palma de aceite en Colombia, puesto que durante siete años de evaluación no se han presentado síntomas. El aceite de estos híbridos contiene mayor concentración de ácidos grasos insaturados y carotenos que el de la Palma de aceite.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Agronomic behavior of the BC1 hybrid cultivar of oil palm (<em>Elaeis oleifera </em>x <em>Elaeis guineensis</em>) x <em>Elaeis guineensis</em></strong></p><p>A transfer of genes from the species Nolí (<em>Elaeis oleifera</em>) to the oil palm species (<em>Elaeis guineensis</em>) was made using backcrosses, with the objective of obtaining a cultivar with high fruit and oil production per unit of area, slow rate of growth, disease tolerance, and oil with high content of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenes. The first backcross generation, BC1, was obtained using controlled pollination between palms of the interspecific F1 hybrid (<em>Elaeis oleifera </em>x <em>Elaeis guineensis</em>) used as the female parent with palms of the species <em>Elaeis guineensis </em>as the male progenitor. In 1995 the progeny of five BC1s were established in the field, proposing the segregation hypothesis that 50% of the progeny would correspond to the genotype of oil palm and the remaining 50% to the genotype of the BC1 hybrid with a load of African genes (75% <em>E. guineensis </em>and 25% <em>E. oleifera</em>). The field data were analyzed based on a completely random design with hierarchical array and uneven number of repetitions per treatment; Chi<sup>2</sup> was used to test the hypothesis. In the fourth year of production the promising BC1s reached 35 t·ha<sup>-1</sup> of fruit, with 19.6% of oil and an estimated oil production of 6.3 t·ha<sup>-1</sup> per year. These hybrids grew an average of 25.8 cm per year, a characteristic that increases the useful life expectancy of a plantation to more than 40 years. To date, these hybrids show tolerance to four deadly diseases that affect the oil palm in Colombia, since no symptoms have been observed during the eight years of evaluation. The oil from these hybrids contains greater concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids than that of oil palm.</p>

CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL DURING FRUIT RIPENING OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) VARIETY D X P SIMALUNGUN

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Sujadi Sujadi ◽  
Hasrul Abdi Hasibuan ◽  
Meta Rivani
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

This research was conducted to study the changing levels of oil, kernel and water on the palm fruits, palm kernel oil content on the kernel, and chlorophyll, carotene and tocols (tocopherols & tocotrienols) content on oil from oil palm plants D × P Simalungun during ripening fruits for 0 to 24 weeks after reseptic (WAR). Fruits fertilized at 0 WAR containing 81% water, 0.5% oil and not containing the kernel. Water levels declined during ripening of fruits and at 20 – 24 WAR by 27 – 36%. Levels of oil rised during ripening fruits and increased rapidly after 17 WAR, maximum oil content (51.6%) was obtained at 22 WAR, which was the optimum time for harvesting the fruits. Kernel had not formed until 4 WAR and formed in 5 WAR (0.1%), the increase occurred in the 14 – 24 WAR by 4 – 5%. Changes in fatty acid shown by the total unsaturated fatty acids (polyunsaturated) decreased, while total saturated fatty acids increased. Changes in the main fatty acids were palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2), oleic (C18:1), linolenic acid (C18:3) and stearic (C18:0). Changes in fatty acids also cause changed of iodine value. Carotene had been established at 0 WAR (73 ppm) and then continue rised to 12 MSR reach 1,301 ppm and decreased during fruit ripening at 20 – 24 WAR (703 – 598 ppm). Tocols levels continue rised and a drastic improvement occurred at 20 WAR (700.3 ppm from 353 ppm at 19 WAR). Chlorophyll content increased at 0 – 16 WAR (1.7 to 20.9 ppm), and then decreased at 22 – 24 WAR (1.1 to 2.1 ppm). Palm kernel oil content in the kernel at 7 WAR amounted to 56.2% and increased to 15 WAR (56.2 to 68.7%) but decreased at 20 – 24 WAR (54.0 to 59.9%).

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE KETOACYL-ACP SYNTHASE II (KAS II) β ON Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis oleifera, AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRID

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-142
Author(s):  
Heri Adriwan Siregar ◽  
Sri Wening ◽  
Abdul Razak Purba
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Elaeis Oleifera ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
High Level

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is currently the highest edible oil-producing plant in the world. E. oleifera is another species of oil palm that is not widely cultivated due to lower productivity. Oil extracted from E. guineensis has a balance ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids level, while E. oleifera has a higher unsaturated fatty acids. Long chain saturated fatty acids are more harmful for human health than unsaturated fatty acids. Gene encoding β-ketoacyl ACP synthase II (KAS II, EC 2.3.1.179) was studied, as this enzyme is responsible for biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Observation and analysis were conducted for KAS II gene and fatty acids content of E. guineensis represented by DxP Lame, DxP Langkat and CMR78 samples, E. oleifera represented by Suriname origin, and two hybrids (E. guineensis x E. oleifera (Brazil and Suriname)). The results showed E. oleifera Suriname had the highest concentration of oleic acid, followed by E. guineensis (CMR78). KAS II gene sequences alignment showed some genetic variation within E. guineensis and hybrids, while the high level of variation found between E. guineensis and E. oleifera was considered caused by species difference.

CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL DURING FRUIT RIPENING OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) VARIETY D X P SIMALUNGUN

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Sujadi Sujadi ◽  
Hasrul Abdi Hasibuan ◽  
Meta Rivani
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

This research was conducted to study the changing levels of oil, kernel and water on the palm fruits, palm kernel oil content on the kernel, and chlorophyll, carotene and tocols (tocopherols & tocotrienols) content on oil from oil palm plants D × P Simalungun during ripening fruits for 0 to 24 weeks after reseptic (WAR). Fruits fertilized at 0 WAR containing 81% water, 0.5% oil and not containing the kernel. Water levels declined during ripening of fruits and at 20 – 24 WAR by 27 – 36%. Levels of oil rised during ripening fruits and increased rapidly after 17 WAR, maximum oil content (51.6%) was obtained at 22 WAR, which was the optimum time for harvesting the fruits. Kernel had not formed until 4 WAR and formed in 5 WAR (0.1%), the increase occurred in the 14 – 24 WAR by 4 – 5%. Changes in fatty acid shown by the total unsaturated fatty acids (polyunsaturated) decreased, while total saturated fatty acids increased. Changes in the main fatty acids were palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2), oleic (C18:1), linolenic acid (C18:3) and stearic (C18:0). Changes in fatty acids also cause changed of iodine value. Carotene had been established at 0 WAR (73 ppm) and then continue rised to 12 MSR reach 1,301 ppm and decreased during fruit ripening at 20 – 24 WAR (703 – 598 ppm). Tocols levels continue rised and a drastic improvement occurred at 20 WAR (700.3 ppm from 353 ppm at 19 WAR). Chlorophyll content increased at 0 – 16 WAR (1.7 to 20.9 ppm), and then decreased at 22 – 24 WAR (1.1 to 2.1 ppm). Palm kernel oil content in the kernel at 7 WAR amounted to 56.2% and increased to 15 WAR (56.2 to 68.7%) but decreased at 20 – 24 WAR (54.0 to 59.9%).

CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE KETOACYL-ACP SYNTHASE II (KAS II) β ON Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis oleifera, AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRID

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-142
Author(s):  
Heri Adriwan Siregar ◽  
Sri Wening ◽  
Abdul Razak Purba
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Elaeis Oleifera ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
High Level

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is currently the highest edible oil-producing plant in the world. E. oleifera is another species of oil palm that is not widely cultivated due to lower productivity. Oil extracted from E. guineensis has a balance ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids level, while E. oleifera has a higher unsaturated fatty acids. Long chain saturated fatty acids are more harmful for human health than unsaturated fatty acids. Gene encoding β-ketoacyl ACP synthase II (KAS II, EC 2.3.1.179) was studied, as this enzyme is responsible for biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Observation and analysis were conducted for KAS II gene and fatty acids content of E. guineensis represented by DxP Lame, DxP Langkat and CMR78 samples, E. oleifera represented by Suriname origin, and two hybrids (E. guineensis x E. oleifera (Brazil and Suriname)). The results showed E. oleifera Suriname had the highest concentration of oleic acid, followed by E. guineensis (CMR78). KAS II gene sequences alignment showed some genetic variation within E. guineensis and hybrids, while the high level of variation found between E. guineensis and E. oleifera was considered caused by species difference.

scholarly journals Physicochemical characterization of bunches and oil composition in a backcross progeny (caiaué x oil palm) x oil palm

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-73
Author(s):  
Ricardo Lopes ◽  
Rosemar Antoniassi ◽  
Raimundo Nonato Vieira Cunha ◽  
Allan Eduardo Wilhelm ◽  
Adelia Ferreira Faria-Machado
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽  
Oil Composition

Hybrids between caiaué and oil palm (IEH OxG) are explored in genetic improvement with the main objective of associating the high palm oil productivity of oil palm with resistance of caiaué to Bud Rot disease. In addition, caiaué has better oil quality and greater resistance to some pests and diseases than oil palm and these characteristics are transmitted to the hybrid between species. Due to fertility problems, IEH OxG plantations require assisted pollination, which raises the production costs. Backcrossings using oil palm as recurrent parent (BC OGxG) are being evaluated as a solution to restore the fertility of IEH OxG, however, the species contrast to physicochemical characteristics of the bunch and to oil composition, therefore, there is a need to observe how these characteristics vary in BC OGxG. Physicochemical characteristics of the bunch and fatty acid composition of the oil produced by 90 plants from an BC OGxG progeny were analysed. A large variation was observed in the progeny, with mean values of 9.0 kg for bunch weight, 46.0% of parthenocarpic fruits in the bunch weight, 72.2% of mesocarp in normal fruit and 86.5% in parthenocarpic fruit, 37.6% of oil in the humid mesocarp of normal fruits and 35.9% in parthenocarpic fruits and 16.4% of oil content in the freshfruits bunch (FFB). The unsaturated fatty acids oleic (52.5%) and linoleic (10.8%) and the saturated fatty acids palmitic (30.7%) and stearic (4.4 %) stood out in the oil composition. In the progeny BC OGxG is possible to select individuals for high OCB and for a greater or lesser percentage of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids in the oil composition.

scholarly journals Production and composition of buffalo milk supplemented with agro industrial byproducts of the african palm

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 8085-8090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Augusto Bustamante Hinojosa ◽  
Rómulo Campos ◽  
Hugo Sánchez Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Buffalo Milk ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Palm Kernel Cake ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Diet Supplements

The goal for this applied research was to assess the production and composition of buffalo milk when Oil Palm kernel flour and Oil Palm kernel cake are supplemented to their diet. Thirty buffaloes from the grasslands of the Andes valleys in Colombia with 1 to 3 lactations and an average weight of 575 kg were selected for the experimental. The animals were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: (T1 Control Group) with no diet supplements, (T2) 1000 g·day-1 of oil palm kernel cake and 350 g·day-1 of molasses diet supplement, and (T3) 1150 g·day-1 of oil palm kernel flour. During the first 100 days of lactation, the milk livestock were individually weighed and milked. Milking was scheduled every 15 days, for a total of seven samples. The supplement consumption was recorded and a bromatological analysis of grasses was performed. The chemical composition of the milk was determined using an ultrasonic Ekomilk analyzer and a fatty acid full profile analysis was made using High Liquid Pressure Chromatography (HLPC). A 7 x 3 multiple variable statistical analysis was performed by sampling seven fifteen day periods and three types of diet. The average values of milk components observed were: 3.54% protein; 7.4% fat; total solids 16.9%; non-fat solids 9.5%; 2.1 fats to protein ratio. The profile of fatty acids showed 2.34% of polyunsaturated; 33.1% of monounsaturated; 64.6% of unsaturated fatty acids; and 0.96% of Omega 6 acids. In conclusion was observed partial effect to fat supplementation in the buffaloes milk production.

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