Soil Compaction and Soil Amendments on the Growth and Biomass Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soybean (Glycine max L.)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Seidu Iddrisu Bawa ◽  
Charles Quansah ◽  
Henry Oppong Tuffour ◽  
Awudu Abubakari ◽  
Caleb Melenya
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Relative Root

Two factorial pot experiments arranged in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with three replications were carried out to assess the impact of different levels of soil compaction and fertilizer amendments on root growth and biomass yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) plants. The treatments were different rates of bulk densities – 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 Mg m-3 and fertilizer amendments comprising 100% poultry manure (applied at 15 g/plant), 100% 15:15:15 NPK fertilizer (applied at 2.89 g/plant) and 50% rate each of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer (applied at 7.5 g poultry manure + 1.45 g NPK/plant), and control (no fertilizer amendments). Soil compaction reduced the heights of maize and soybean plants. Increasing soil compaction resulted in the accumulation of most of the root biomass in the uncompacted soil above the compacted layer. Application of soil amendments increased the relative root biomass of maize plants in the uncompacted soil, while that in the compacted soil was reduced. In the case of soybean plants, although the relative root biomass in the uncompacted soil was relatively greater than that of maize plants, application of soil amendments tended to slightly decrease the relative root biomass to that of the control. The shoot biomass of both crops decreased with increasing soil bulk density. All the applied soil amendments significantly increased the shoot biomass of maize and soybean plants over the control. The magnitude of response of the crops to the soil amendments was greater in soybean than in maize plants. Soil compaction and amendments significantly influenced root/shoot ratio of both crops. The root/shoot ratio decreased with increasing compaction from 1.3 to 1.5 Mg m-3, however, at 1.7 Mg m-3, the root/shoot ratio increased. The fertilizer amendments significantly influenced the root/shoot ratio of maize but not soybean plants. The fertilizer amendments increased the biomass of both roots and shoots, being higher in the former than in the latter. The fertilizer amendments x compaction interactions showed that the root/shoot ratio was influenced by the type of crop, and the confounding effects of factor interactions on the relative increases/decreases in shoot and root growth. Overall, soil compaction accounted for 52 to 100% of the variations in the magnitude of the measured parameters of maize plants, and 62 to 98% for soybean plants. The ideal bulk density for shoot biomass production of both crops should, therefore, be within the range of 1.3 – 1.5 Mg m-3. At soil bulk density of 1.5 Mg m-3 and above, soil amendment should be added to ameliorate the negative impact of soil compaction.

scholarly journals Root architecture and rhizobial inoculation in relation to drought stress response in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris l.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 502-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvaze A. Sofi ◽  
Iram Saba ◽  
Zakir Amin
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Rhizobial Inoculation ◽  
The Mean

The present study was aimed at assessing the root traits and rhizobial inoculation in relation to drought in common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Drought caused the largest decrease in shoot biomass followed by plant height, while an increase was recorded inroot/shoot ratio. Rhizobial inoculation caused largest increase in shoot biomass followed by root volume and root biomass and smallest increase in rooting depth. WB-216 and WB-185 had better rooting depth in all treatments. However, WB-83 (92.67) had highest rooting depth under irrigated conditions and SR-1 had highest rooting depth under irrigated conditions treated with rhizobium (108.50). Similarly, WB-216 had highest root/shoot ratio under drought (2.693) followed by WB-185 (1.285) while lowest value was recorded for Arka Anoop (0.373). In rhizobium treated drought condition, WB-216 recorded highest root/shoot ratio (5.540) followed by SFB-1 (1.967). Under irrigated conditions (both with and without rhizobium), WB-185 recorded highest root/shoot ratio while lowest was recorded for SR-1 (0.166). The mean squares due to root depth, root biomass and root volume were significant whereas the mean squares due to water and rhizobium were non-significant. Among interactions the genotype x water regime was significant for rooting depth (5 % level), genotype x rhizobia was significant for rooting depth and root volume (1 % level) and the interaction of genotype x water regime x rhizobium was significant for rooting depth, root biomass and root volume (1 % level). The results reinforce the need to further analyse the potential of other soil microbes in common bean rhizosphere in amelioration of the effects of water stress.

Warming effects on biomass allocation are jointly regulated by precipitation and mycorrhizal association in terrestrial plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuhui Zhou ◽  
Lingyan Zhou ◽  
Yanghui He ◽  
Yuling Fu ◽  
Zhenggang Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association

Abstract Biomass allocation in plants is fundamental for understanding and predicting terrestrial carbon storage. Recent studies suggest that climate warming can differentially affect root and shoot biomass, and subsequently alter root: shoot ratio. However, warming effects on root: shoot ratio and their underlying drivers at a global scale remain unclear. Using a global synthesis of >300 studies, we here show that warming significantly increases biomass allocation to roots (by 13.1%), and two factors drive this response: mean annual precipitation of the site, and the type of mycorrhizal fungi associated with a plant. Warming-induced allocation to roots is greater in relatively drier habitats compared to shoots (by 15.1%), but lower in wetter sites (by 4.9%), especially for plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi. Root-biomass responses to warming predominantly determine the biomass allocation in terrestrial plants suggesting that warming can reinforce the importance of belowground resource uptake. Our study highlights that the wetness or dryness of a site and plants’ mycorrhizal associations strongly regulate terrestrial carbon cycle by altering biomass allocation strategies in a warmer world.

Mycorrhizal inoculum and performance of nonmycorrhizal Carex bigelowii and mycorrhizal Trientalis europaea

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Liisa Ruotsalainen ◽  
Sami Aikio
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Trientalis Europaea

We studied the competition between mycorrhiza-forming Trientalis europaea L. and nonmycorrhizal Carex bigelowii Torrey ex Schweinitz in a climate chamber experiment. The plants were grown either singly or together with a conspecific or heterospecific individual, with arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum present or absent. Inoculated T. euro paea formed abundant arbuscular mycorrhizal structures, but the mycorrhizae did not affect its biomass or the whole plant's relative growth rate (RGR). Carex bigelowii did not form mycorrhizae, but its shoot biomass and RGR were lower in the inoculated pots. The presence of a conspecific or heterospecific plant had no effect on the shoot biomasses or RGR of either plant species. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the root/shoot ratio of C. bigelowii in all competition treatments. The presence of C. bigelowii decreased the root/shoot ratio of T. europaea in both mycorrhizal and nonmy corrhizal state. Mycorrhizal inoculum thus had a direct negative effect on the growth of a nonmycorrhizal plant. The result suggests that although mycorrhizae may not always directly affect the performance of the host plant, they may possibly increase the host plant performance in relation to nonmycorrhizal neighbours. Mycorrhizal inoculum and mycorrhizal symbiosis may increase asymmetry of interspecific competition, which may facilitate the coexistence of plant species in cases when a larger individual is more negatively affected.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, competitive asymmetry, micropropagation.

Root and shoot growth by seedlings of annual and perennial medic, and annual and perennial wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Ward ◽  
J. A. Palta ◽  
H. A. Waddell
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Perennial Wheat

Perennial plants such as lucerne are now widely acknowledged as one means of controlling the expansion of dryland salinity in southern Australia. However, their inclusion in farming systems is limited by poor seedling vigour, thought to be associated with greater allocation of biomass to perennating organs in roots, and poor adaptation to some soils and climatic conditions in south-western Australia. For this reason, interest in other perennial options such as perennial wheat is increasing. In this research we compared early (29-day) seedling growth and root : shoot ratios for annual and perennial medics (Medicago truncatula and M. sativa), and for annual and perennial wheat (Triticum aestivum and Triticum × Agropyron cross). For the medics, the annual reached the 6-leaf stage after 29 days and produced more root and shoot biomass than lucerne (4-leaf stage after 29 days), but there was no difference in root : shoot ratio or depth of root growth. For wheat, there were no differences in root growth, shoot growth, or root : shoot ratio between the annual and perennial lines (Zadoks growth stages 23 and 21, respectively, after 29 days). The poor competitive performance of M. sativa seedlings relative to M. truncatula was not due to changed allocation of biomass to shoots, but was related more to seed size (2.7 and 5.0 mg, respectively). This does not seem to occur to the same extent in perennial wheat lines, suggesting that their seedling performance may be more competitive.

scholarly journals The Vegetative Response of 'Concord' Grapevines to Soil pH

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 890-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence R. Bates ◽  
Richard M. Dunst ◽  
Theodore Taft ◽  
Michael Vercant
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Ph Level

One- and 2-year-old 'Concord' (Vitis labruscana L.) grapevines were used to study the effect of soil pH on vegetative growth and nutrition. Ninety-eight, own-rooted, 'Concord' grapevines were planted in 94.6-L pots containing vineyard soil adjusted to seven soil pH levels ranging from 3.5 to 7.5. After the first growing season, seven vines from each soil pH treatment were randomly selected, destructively harvested, and measured for root and shoot growth. The remaining 49 vines over-wintered in the pots, were defruited in year two, and were destructively harvested at the end of the second growing season. There was a reduction in root biomass below soil pH of 4.5 and a greater reduction in shoot biomass leading to a higher root: shoot ratio. There were no significant differences in vegetative growth of young 'Concord' vines from a soil pH of 5.0-7.5. However, there was a trend toward lower shoot biomass and higher root: shoot ratio at the highest soil pH level. Phylloxera nodosities on roots were present in equal densities at all soil pH values. However, the negative impact of phylloxera on vine dry mass was greater on vines under nutrient stress at the highest and lowest pH treatments than on those with adequate nutrition at the mid-range soil pH values.

Growth and Nitrogen Uptake by Agropyron desertorum and Pseudoroegneria spicata when Exposed to Nitrate Pulses of Different Duration

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cui ◽  
M. M. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Pulse Duration ◽  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Pseudoroegneria Spicata ◽  
Agropyron Desertorum ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio

Plant growth and nitrate uptake were measured for two Great Basin perennial grasses, Agropyron desertorum and Pseudoroegneria spicata, in sand-filled pots in either monoculture or mixed culture (2 plants/pot). All plants were supplied with the same initial amount of nitrate but delivered in five different pulse durations ranging from 0.5 to 72 h. The pulse duration was controlled by flushing the pots with water at different times after applying the nitrate pulse. The same concentration of nitrate was used in all pulse treatments. Increasing the pulse duration led to significantly increased plant biomass production for both species in both mono- and mixed cultures, and to reduced root/shoot biomass ratio. Biomass and root/shoot ratio were greater for Agropyron in mixed culture than in monoculture. To assess root nitrate uptake capacity, a 30-min tracer pulse was applied to all plants. Plants that had been exposed to longer pulses acquired significantly more nitrate than those that had been exposed to shorter pulses for both total plant acquisition and acquisition per unit root length. With greater root/shoot ratio than Pseudoroegneria, total nitrate acquisition by Agropyron was significantly greater at most pulse durations. Root nitrate uptake per unit mass was also greater for Agropyron than for Pseudoroegneria, indicating that Agropyron is more responsive to nitrate pulsing.

scholarly journals Root biomass, root/shoot ratio, and soil water content under perennial grasses with different nitrogen rates

2017 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Upendra M. Sainju ◽  
Brett L. Allen ◽  
Andrew W. Lenssen ◽  
Rajan P. Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

Root Growth Responses of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soybean (Glycine max L.) to Soil Compaction and Fertilization in a Ferric Acrisol

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Seidu Iddrissu Bawa ◽  
Charles Quansah ◽  
Henry Oppong Tuffour ◽  
Awudu Abubakari ◽  
Caleb Melenya
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Npk Fertilizer

Mechanical impedance to root growth is one of the most important factors determining root elongation and proliferation within a soil profile. Two pot experiments were conducted at the Department of Horticulture, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, to determine the impact of subsurface compaction and different fertilizer amendments on the root growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). The experiments were arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Maize and soybean varieties, “Obaatanpa” and “Anidaso” were sown in 72 plastic buckets (36 for each crop) of 12 L volume filled with a Ferric Acrisol. The treatments were different levels of compaction, using bulk density as proxy – 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 Mg   m-3, and fertilizer amendments of 100% poultry manure (15 g/pot), 100% NPK fertilizer (2.89 g/pot) and 50% each of poultry manure (7.5 g/pot) and NPK fertilizer (1.45 g/pot). The highest root growth occurred in the uncompacted soil and along the periphery of the soil core. The applied soil amendments significantly increased the root penetration ratio (RPR) of both crops in relation to the control. The shoot biomass of both crops decreased with increasing soil bulk density. All the applied soil amendments significantly increased the shoot biomass of maize and soybean over the control. The magnitude of response of the crops to the soil amendments was greater in soybean than in maize.

Effect of artificial defoliation on biomass allocation in ectomycorrhizal Pinussylvestris seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 899-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Mari Markkola
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Seedling Root ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Defoliation Treatment

Ectomycorrhizal seedlings of Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) were subjected to repeated artificial defoliation (0, 25, 50, and 75%) to demonstrate the effect of a reduced amount of photosynthates on the allocation of biomass between the tree and its fungal symbionts. Defoliation reduced shoot biomass in the seedlings significantly, and belowground parts adjusted to the same growth level. Biomass parameters of seedlings that had undergone the mildest defoliation treatment did not differ significantly from control seedlings, while the two most intensive treatments reduced growth and biomass of seedlings in a similar way. Defoliation did not reduce mycorrhizal colonization or fungal biomass calculated per unit weight of fine roots. Actual needle biomass in seedlings correlated positively with stem biomass, total root biomass, fungal biomass both in roots and in soil, and the number of mycorrhizal root tips per seedling. Root/shoot ratio and total allocation pattern were relatively constant.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Highbush Blueberry Cultivars to Phytophthora Root Rot

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Yeo ◽  
Jerry E. Weiland ◽  
Dan M. Sullivan ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Relative Root

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen associated with root rot in many woody perennial plant species, including highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). To identify genotypes with resistance to the pathogen, cultivars and advanced selections of highbush blueberry were grown in a greenhouse and either inoculated or not with propagules of P. cinnamomi. Two experiments were conducted, including one with 10 commercially established cultivars and another with seven newly released cultivars, three commercially established cultivars, and three advanced selections of highbush blueberry. Pathogen resistance was based on the shoot and root dry biomass of the inoculated plants relative to the noninoculated plants within each genotype, as well as on the percentage of root infection among the genotypes. Resistant genotypes included four commercially established cultivars, Aurora, Legacy, Liberty, and Reka, and two new cultivars, Overtime and Clockwork. When these genotypes were inoculated, average relative shoot biomass was ≥60% of that of the noninoculated plants, whereas relative root biomass was ≥40%. ‘Star’, as well as two advanced selections (an early- and a late-season type) may also have some degree of resistance, but further investigation is needed. Relative shoot biomass of the susceptible genotypes, on the other hand, ranged from 19% to 53% and relative root biomass ranged from 11% to 26%. The susceptible genotypes included ‘Bluetta’, ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Bluegold’, ‘Blue Ribbon’, ‘Cargo’, ‘Draper’, ‘Duke’, ‘Elliott’, ‘Last Call’, ‘Top Shelf’, and ‘Ventura’. These cultivars are not recommended at sites with conditions conducive to root rot, such as those with clay soils and/or poor drainage.

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