scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic: A Consequential Global Hazard to Public Mental Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 420-427
Author(s):  
Pravina Mohan ◽  
M. Anusree ◽  
B. Nikitha
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Public Mental Health ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Mass Hysteria

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 infection in humans first reported in Wuhan (China) which has spread around the world and having a significant impact on global health and mental health. It has caused widespread psychosocial and behavioural changes as a result of mass hysteria, economic burden, and financial losses, in addition to its high infectivity and the increased mortality rates. Method: Published articles regarding to mental health related to the COVID-19 outbreak and other previous global infections have been considered and reviewed. Comments: The pervasive fear of COVID-19, named as "coronaphobia," has resulted with a slew of psychiatric manifestations in people from all walks of life.  It has affected people from all the point of life, resulting in a variety of psychiatric issues such as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), fear and uncertainty, panic attacks, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, xenophobia, and racism. Collective concerns have an impact on daily behaviours, the economy, prevention strategies, and decision-making by policymakers, health organisations, and medical centres, which can weaken COVID-19 control strategies and lead to increased morbidity and mental health needs on a global level.

How Microaggressions Are Harmful

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Monnica T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Mental Health Issue ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Everyday Discrimination

Abstract: This chapter discusses the research regarding microaggressions and negative mental health outcomes. Microaggressions are associated with increased stress, increased physical ailments such as hypertension and impaired immune responses, increased depression and depressive symptoms, lower self-esteem and self-efficacy, increased alcohol abuse and binge drinking, substance use disorders, increased post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, higher levels of suicidal ideation, increased anxiety, increased somatic symptoms and negative affect, and increased obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms. Overall, those who experience everyday discrimination have higher odds of any lifetime mental health issue. This is illustrated using a case example of a student who developed depression and anxiety from experiencing microaggressions in school, leading to a negative impact on mental health. The chapter presents an example interaction between a client and a therapist illustrating that microaggressions can be harmful to White people as well in indirect ways. Furthermore, to address mental health disparities and treatment barriers as a result of various pathways including microaggressions, clinicians need to address their own possible implicit biases that can lead to perpetuating these problems.

scholarly journals Neuroimaging in anxiety disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Over the last few years, neuroimaging techniques have contributed greatly to the identification of the structural and functional neuroanatomy of anxiety disorders. The amygdala seems to be a crucial structure for fear and anxiety, and has consistently been found to be activated in anxiety-provoking situations. Apart from the amygdala, the insula and anterior cinguiate cortex seem to be critical, and ail three have been referred to as the "fear network." In the present article, we review the main findings from three major lines of research. First, we examine human models of anxiety disorders, including fear conditioning studies and investigations of experimentally induced panic attacks. Then we turn to research in patients with anxiety disorders and take a dose look at post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Finally, we review neuroimaging studies investigating neural correlates of successful treatment of anxiety, focusing on exposure-based therapy and several pharmacological treatment options, as well as combinations of both.

scholarly journals Likely Exacerbation of Psychological Disorders from Covid-19 Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110167
Author(s):  
Tara Rava Zolnikov ◽  
Tanya Clark ◽  
Tessa Zolnikov
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Face ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Anxiety and fear felt by people around the world regarding the coronavirus pandemic is real and can be overwhelming, resulting in strong emotional reactions in adults and children. With depressive and anxiety disorders already highly prevalent in the general population (300 million worldwide), depression and/or anxiety specifically because of the pandemic response is likely. Moreover, the current state of panic in the face of uncertainty is apt to produce significant amounts of stress. While this situation has the potential to cause psychological disorders in previously unaffected populations, perhaps more impactful is the exacerbation of symptoms of many existing disorders including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and hoarding disorder.

Which biopsychosocial view of mental illness?

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-96
Author(s):  
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong ◽  
Jesse S. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Almost All

Biopsychosocial theories of mental illness claim that biological, psychological, and social factors are all central to every mental illness. This general approach cannot be assessed or employed properly without specifying the precise relation between mental illnesses and these three levels of understanding. This chapter distinguishes disjunctive, causal, explanatory, therapeutic (or treatment), and constitutive (or definitional) versions of biopsychosocial theories. However, all of these claims are uncontroversial and not distinctive of the biopsychosocial approach, except the constitutive claim. That constitutive claim is inaccurate, because almost all mental illnesses are and should be defined by their psychological symptoms instead of their biological or social causes. These lessons are applied to case studies of post-traumatic stress disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and scrupulosity.

From cognitive targets to symptom reduction: overview of attention and interpretation bias modification research

2020 ◽  
pp. ebmental-2020-300216
Author(s):  
Chelsea Dyan Gober ◽  
Amit Lazarov ◽  
Yair Bar-Haim
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Specific Disorders ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Bias Modification ◽  
Interpretation Bias Modification

Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a class of mechanised psychological interventions designed to target specific aberrant cognitive processes considered key in the aetiology and/or maintenance of specific psychiatric disorders. In this review, we outline a multistage translational process that allows tracking progress in CBM research. This process involves four steps: (1) the identification of reliable cognitive targets and establishing their association with specific disorders; (2) clinical translations designed to rectify the identified cognitive targets; (3) verification of effective target engagement and (4) testing of clinical utility in randomised controlled trials. Through the prism of this multistage process, we review progress in clinical CBM research in two cognitive domains: attention and interpretation; in six psychiatric conditions: anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, addictive disorders, eating disorders and obsessive–compulsive disorder. The review highlights achievement as well as shortcomings of the CBM approach en route to becoming a recognised evidence-supported therapy for these disorders.

Consistency of Diagnostic Thresholds in DSM-V

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Andrews ◽  
Matthew Sunderland ◽  
Alice Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Social Phobia ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Thresholds ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Mean

Objective: DSM-IV diagnostic criteria define thresholds on a continuum of symptoms above which the diagnosis is said to be established. Data from the 1997 Australian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing were used for six internalizing disorders, and the levels of distress and disability associated with each diagnosis were investigated. Method: Mean distress (measured by the K-10) and disability (measured by the SF12-MCS) scores were identified for people in the Survey who reported no physical or mental disorders. The distribution of distress and disability showed by people who met criteria for major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder was plotted against the mean for well people, expecting that ≥90% of people with these mental disorders would score as more distressed or disabled than this mean. Results: More than 90% of people with dysthymia, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder or with post-traumatic stress disorder scored as more distressed or disabled than the mean for well people. A majority were severely distressed or disabled (>2SD above the mean). This remained the case when the clinical significance criteria were removed. In social phobia and in obsessive–compulsive disorders between 9% and 26% scored below the means for well people, that is, as neither distressed nor disabled, a figure that rose to 16–40% when the clinical significance criteria were removed. In neither case did a majority of cases score in the severe range. Conclusions: The diagnostic thresholds for social phobia and for obsessive–compulsive disorder are less stringent than that for the other disorders and require revision in DSM-V.

TMS in the study and treatment of anxiety disorders

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Greenberg ◽  
Sarah H. Lisanby
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Systematic Testing ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Current State ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Disorder Treatment

A few studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as an anxiety disorder treatment have been reported. In treatment studies, the focal application of TMS in the treatment of anxiety disorders has been guided by the present understanding of the neurocircuitry underlying these disorders. This article reviews the current state of the literature on the uses of TMS in the study and treatment of anxiety disorders, and discusses the implications for understanding their patho-etiology. Investigation of the possible therapeutic effects of repetitive TMS in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or any anxiety disorder remains at a preliminary stage. There have been promising initial observations in OCD, which require systematic testing in controlled studies. As far as PTSD is concerned, the available data suggest that additional TMS work is required. The observations need to be replicated in controlled settings to determine whether this approach will have value in treating anxiety disorders.

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