scholarly journals The Effects of Alkaloids Fraction of Cyperus esculentus on Some Biochemical Parameters and Histopathology of the Testis of Lead-Induced Toxicity

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Godson Emeka Anyanwu ◽  
Luqman Adepoju Hassan ◽  
Ifeanacho Ezeteonu Abireh ◽  
Nto Johnson Nto
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Aim: This study evaluated the protective effect of alkaloids fraction of Cyperus esculentus on lead-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rat. Methodology: Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five (5) groups, (n=5). Group 1 was administered with 1ml normal saline only, group 2 was administered with 30 mg/kg of lead, group 3 was administered with 50mg/kg of alkaloids and 30 mg/kg of lead, group 4 was administered with 100 mg/kg of alkaloids and 30 mg/kg of lead, group 5 was administered 150mg/kg of alkaloids and 30 mg/kg of lead orally for 28 days. The testes of the rats were harvested on day 29 of the experiment and histological studies done using the H&E and Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) stains. Sperm parameters, sex hormones and antioxidant of testicular homogenates were analysed. Results: Histological examination of the testes revealed increased spermatogenic cells and Leydig cell proliferation in the rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 administered with 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg of Alkaloids, and 30 mg/kg of lead, respectively, when compared with group 2 administered with 30 mg/kg of lead alone. Also there was significant increase in levels of serum testosterone (p < .05) in groups 3, 4, and 5 when compared with group 2. There was increase in levels of follicle stimulating hormone in groups 4, and 5 when compared with group 2. However, significant decreased in luteinizing hormone was observed in groups 3, 4 and 5. Group 2, treated with 30 mg/kg of lead only showed increased malondialdehyde levels when compared with group 1 that received 1ml normal saline. Group 3, 4, and 5, treated with 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg of alkaloid plus 30 mg/kg lead, respectively, showed significant growth of seminiferous epithelium, improved sperm quality, and decreased levels of malondialdehyde (p < .05). Conclusion: This study shows that alkaloids fraction of Cyperus esculentus may have a protective effect on the testis of Wistar rat when it is exposed to toxicity from lead.

scholarly journals Comparing the Effect of Dexamethasone, Normal Saline, and Metoclopramide on Prevention of Postoperative Nausea, Vomiting and Pain in Patient Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy or Open Appendectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (B) ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
Mohanad Y. Al-Radeef ◽  
Sattar J. Abood ◽  
Waleed K. Abdulsahib ◽  
Salah O. Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Pain Score ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Open Appendectomy ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Lower Pain Score ◽  
Group 1

BACKGROUND: Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and pain are a common complications of adult patients undergoing anesthesia, but the incidence of these complications in patients go through laparoscopic cholecystectomy or open appendectomy is unknown. AIM: We conduct this study for comparing the effect of dexamethasone administration with normal saline and with metoclopramide for reducing these undesirable effects. DESIGN: This was a three-armed, parallel-group, double-blind, and randomized controlled clinical trial. METHODS: Seventy-two patients of both genders underwent elective surgeries (laparoscopic cholecystectomy or open appendectomy), randomly assigned to three groups: A dexamethasone-treated (8 mg) group (Group 1) (n = 24), normal saline-treated (100 ml) group (Group 2) (n = 24), and metoclopramide-treated (10 mg) group (Group 3) (n = 24). All nausea, vomiting, and pain episodes were recorded during 24 h after anesthesia in three time periods: 0–4, 4–12, and 12–24 h post-anesthesia. Results: Nausea and vomiting grading scale shows no significant difference when compare dexamethasone (Group 1) with normal saline (Group 2), significant difference when compare dexamethasone (Group 1) with metoclopramide (Group 3), and also significant difference when compare normal saline (Group 2) with metoclopramide (Group 3). Group 1 showed a lower pain score (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001) compared with pain score recorded by patients of Groups 2 and 3, respectively. Besides that, Group 2 also showed a lower pain score (p < 0.0001) compared with pain score recorded by Group 3 patients. CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone has unimportant effect when compare with normal saline, more effectiveness than metoclopramide in reducing PONV. However, dexamethasone more effective in reducing pain when comparing with normal saline and metoclopramide for patients they underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy or open appendectomy surgery under general anesthesia.

scholarly journals Comparison of post-tonsillectomy pain by using tramadol, lignocaine with adrenaline and normal saline swab in tonsillar fossae.

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (08) ◽  
pp. 1206-1210
Author(s):  
Tahir Hussain Khan ◽  
◽  
Ashfaq Hussain Rana ◽  
Mohammad Afzal ◽  
Farooq Bhutta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Score ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Pain Control ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
Control Versus ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: To compare the effects of pain by using tramadol, lignocaine 2% with adrenaline and normal saline (placebo) after tonsillectomy. Study Design: Randomized Controls Trial. Setting: Department of ENT, Social Security Landhi Hospital Karachi. Period: March 2019 to October 2019. Sampling Technique: Non probability. Material & Methods: One hundred and twenty (120) patients with ASA-I status, age between 12 to 22 years were included randomly for this study. Divided the patients into three groups, group-1(L), group-2(T) and group-3(S) and forty (40) patients were in each group. In group-1(L), Lignocaine 2% with adrenaline used. In group-2 (T), Tramadol used and in group-3 (S), normal saline swab (placebo) used in tonsillar fossae at the end of tonsillectomies. Pain assessment done after 30 minutes in PACU and every one hourly for 6 hours post operatively in ward. If recorded VAS for pain was more than 5 analgesic injection given in ward for pain control. Result: The result of our research revealed that there were no significant differences in the mean ages of the patients, weight of patients, sex distribution and the duration of surgeries among the all three groups. Post-operative pain score were significantly higher in (S) group than in the other two groups (p<0.05). In Group-1(L) and Group-2 (T) pain score had non-significant (p>0.05). Duration of first analgesic demand was longer in Group-L and in Group-T versus normal saline (Group-S), it was 134 + 18 minutes in Group-L and in Group -T, it was 135 + 15 minutes while in Group-S, it was 34 + 11 minutes and p < 0.01 significant. Conclusion: Uses of lignocaine 2% with adrenaline swab and Tramadol swab are better choice in tonsillar fossae at the end of tonsillectomies for post-operative pain control versus normal saline (placebo) swab.

scholarly journals Study of Some Parameters to Evaluate Immunization against Leishmaniasis in Golden hamsters

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Fawzia A. Al-Shanawi ◽  
Harith S. Al-Warid
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Leishmania Tropica ◽  
Parasite Culture ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Incubation period, smears, impression and parasite culture for each liver, spleen, foot and blood were observed along five times follow up (15,30, 45, 60, 75, 90) days after challenge infection with virulent Leishmania tropica isolate in four groups of golden hamsters, inoculated with (one, two, three) doses of different antigens as following: Group (1) inoculated with autoclaved killed Leishmania tropica, Group (2) inoculated with BCG vaccine alone while Group (3) Inoculated with mixed vaccines (autoclaved killed Leishmania + BCG) and (4) control animals inoculated with phosphate buffer saline. Group 3, was considered as the best vaccine in this study because animal inoculated with this vaccine showed the following results compared with other antigens: - No lesion appeared along 90 days of following up.- Negative foot impression and culture up to 15 and 30 days of infection respectively, - Negative spleen and liver impression up to 30 days of infection when comparing with other groups.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Aerobic Exercise on the Nasal Mucosa of Rats Against the Histopathologic Changes in Cigarette Smoke Exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 453-459
Author(s):  
Özlem Akkoca ◽  
Ceren Ersoz Unlu ◽  
Ilkan Tatar ◽  
Mustafa Fevzi Sargon ◽  
Dilara Zeybek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Smoking is a public health problem that has been proven to have adverse effects on human health. Aerobic exercise has positive effects on the human body, especially on the respiratory system. Objective: The aim of this experimental animal model study was to determine whether regular aerobic exercise has a protective effect against the harmful effects of cigarette smoke on the nasal mucosa of rats. Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were randomly separated into 3 groups of 8: group 1 (cigarette smoking), group 2 (cigarette smoking and exercise), and group 3 (control group). At the end of the experiment period, histopathological (light and electron microscopy) and immunohistochemical (GSTA 1, CYP1A1, and CYP2E1) evaluations were made of the nasal mucosa of the animals. Results: Goblet cell loss and basal membrane thickening were significantly lower in group 2 and group 3 compared to group 1. In the electron microscope evaluation, the inflammatory expressions of the goblet cells were observed in a very small area in group 2. In group 1, these were distributed over large areas between the mucosal cells. There was seen to be significant swelling of the mitochondria in group 1 compared to the other groups. No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups with respect to GSTA1, CYP2E1, and CYP1A1 scores ( P > .05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that regular aerobic exercise has a protective effect against the harmful effects of smoking on the nasal mucosa of rats.

The Majority of Myeloma Patients Are Hypogonadal but This Is Not Associated with High Risk Cytogenetics

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 5329-5329
Author(s):  
Beau Snoad ◽  
Samantha Hudzik ◽  
Douglas W Sborov ◽  
Nita Williams ◽  
Desiree Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Clinic Visit ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Introduction: Hypogonadism, i.e. low total testosterone, is present in approximately a quarter of men older than 70 years (Harman SM et al, J. Clin Endo & Met, 2001, PMID 11158037 and Wu FCW et al, J Clin Endo & M et, 2008, PMID 18270261). Myeloma patients are known to suffer from fatigue and decreased functional performance, mood disturbances, and anemia; similar trends have been found in people with hypogonadism. Cytogenetically high risk myeloma characterized by the amplification of 1q21 is associated with increased serum levels of soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6r) (Stephens OW, Blood, 2012, PMID 22072558). We hypothesized that total testosterone levels will be associated with overall survival from the time of diagnosis, presence of 1q21 amplification by CD138-selected FISH, anemia, and anti-depressant use. Methods: The Buckeye Myeloma Registry (OSU 10115) opened in 2011 to enroll any patient with a plasma cell dyscrasia. Serum total testosterone was measured at the time of the initial clinic visit to the myeloma group at Ohio State. Less than 325 ng/dL was defined as the hypogonadal range, and testosterone was divided into <100 (group 1), 100-240 (group 2), 240-325 (group 3), and greater than 325 ng/dL (group 4), although normal testosterone decreases with age. Female patient testosterone levels were also analyzed and divided into <10 (group 1), 10-60 ng/dL (group 2), and >60 ng/dL (group 3). A retrospective chart review was initiated to review all myeloma patients with a serum testosterone drawn at the time of their initial clinic visit to OSU. Results: Among 418 male MM patients, median age was 65 y.o. (range 24-95), 86% were Caucasian and 14% African-American, and the distribution of ISS stage was 32% stage 1, 22% stage 2, and 19% stage 3 with 28% missing staging data. Cytogenetic data was missing from 28% of patients. Out of 418 male MM patients, 29 (7%) had serum testosterone <100, 202 (48%) with testosterone 100-240, 79 (19%) with testosterone 241-325, and 108 (26%) > 325 ng/dL. Out of 172 female MM patients, 44 (26%) had an undetectable serum testosterone, 120 (70%) with testosterone 10-60, and 8 (5%) with testosterone > 60. Among male MM patients, log-rank [Mantel-Cox] analysis of overall survival with serum testosterone including all 4 groups demonstrated no significant differences (p=0.917) with only 80 events. Among 275 male MM patients with cytogenetic information available, there was no correlation between presence of 1q21 trisomies or tetrasomies and overall survival (r=0.0714, p=0.238). There was a strong and expected correlation between testosterone and BMI (r=0.14, p=0.00468). Among 161 total female MM patients, log-rank analysis with serum testosterone including all 3 groups also demonstrated no differences (p=0.416) with only 29 events in total. Among 101 females with cytogenetic information, there was also no correlation with 1q21 amplification (r=0.0895, p=0.373). Conclusion: The majority of male MM patients (74%) have secondary hypogonadism and approximately half have total testosterone levels <240 ng/dL. Cox proportional hazards analyses of survival adjusted for significant univariate covariates will be presented at the meeting. Correlations with anemia and medication use (specifically opiates and anti-depressants) will also be presented at the meeting. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Dual effects of erdosteine on hemostasis via its different metabolites in young rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1644-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vefik Arica ◽  
Murat Tutanc ◽  
Oktay Hasan Ozturk ◽  
Secil Arica ◽  
Fatmagul Basarslan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smear ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Aim: In the study, we examined erdosteine’s effects on platelet functions and coagulation. Materials and methods: A total 29 young albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Control rats ( n = 6) were given saline; Group 1 rats ( n = 7) were given 3 mg/kg erdosteine by oral gavage for 3 days; Group 2 rats ( n = 7) were given 10 mg/kg erdosteine by oral gavage for 3 days; and Group 3 rats ( n = 9) were given 30 mg/kg erdosteine for 3 days. Twenty-four hours after the final dose, blood samples were drawn from a portal vein. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and international normalized ratio (INR) were measured, and platelet counts were examined in a peripheral blood smear by light microscopy. Results: PT and INR values of Group 1 increased compared to the controls but did not change in Group 3. Hemostatic parameters were not measured in Group 2 because the blood samples in Group 2’s tubes clotted rapidly. Platelet counts of the peripheral blood from Group 2 were low but were normal in other groups. Conclusion: We have concluded erdosteine may disrupt hemostasis parameters by its different metabolites in patients. Erdosteine has dual effects on hemostasis via its different metabolites, which occur in different doses.

162 EFFECT OF THE SPERM SELECTION WITH ISOLATE® OR PERCOLL® ON SPERM QUALITY AND IN VITRO BOVINE EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT FOR FROZEN - THAWED SEXED AND NONSEXED SEMEN

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
G. A. Bó ◽  
P. Rodriguez Villamil ◽  
G. Moreira ◽  
M. E. Garcia Gomez ◽  
M. Fernandez Taranco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Sperm Selection ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Sexed Semen ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 2 different commercially available spermatozoa separation techniques, Isolate® (Irving-Scientific, Santa Ana, CA, USA) and Percoll® (Nutricell, São Paulo, Brazil), on sperm quality and in vitro embryo production using sexed and nonsexed semen. Oocytes (n = 5046) were obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries and fertilized with frozen-thawed sexed or nonsexed semen from the same 4 Holstein bulls. The experiment was done in 10 replicates, with all treatment groups included. Sperm quality (motility, concentration, morphology and membrane integrity) was evaluated and compared before and after sperm selection by the 2 methods. Oocytes were maturated in TCM-199 supplemented with 0.4% of BSA for 24 h in a controlled atmosphere and then selected and randomly allocated into 4 different groups. Group 1: oocytes fertilized with sexed semen selected by Percoll®; Group 2: oocytes fertilized with sexed semen selected by Isolate®; Group 3: oocytes fertilized with nonsexed semen selected by Percoll®; Group 4: oocytes fertilized with nonsexed semen selected by Isolate®. Fertilization was performed in Fert-TALP medium for 18 h under the same conditions as maturation. Presumptive zygotes were cultured for 7 days in SOF medium in a 39°C humidified incubator with 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were evaluated on Day 2 and 7, respectively, after fertilization. Proportional data were transformed by square root and then analysed by ANOVA, with type of semen and sperm selection method as the main effects. Regardless of the sperm selection technique, sperm motility and percentage of normal sperm increased (P < 0.005) from the initial post-thaw parameters. For nonsexed semen, Percoll® gradient increased the recovery rate (i.e. final concentration/initial concentration × 100; 57.3 ± 2.7) compared with Isolate® (46.0 ± 1.8; P < 0.05). Furthermore, sperm selected by Isolate® presented significant improvements compared with Percoll® gradient on membrane integrity of sexed (41.0 ± 0.6 vs 38.8 ± 0.8) and nonsexed semen (60.8 ± 1.6 vs 58.8 ± 0.5; P < 0.05). Finally, blastocyst production rates were higher (P < 0.05) for sexed (Group 2: 14.0 ± 1.0) or nonsexed semen (Group 4: 22.0 ± 1.1) selected by Isolate® than for sexed (Group 1: 10.5 ± 1.5) or nonsexed semen (Group 3: 17.0 ± 2.1) selected with Percoll®. In conclusion, selection of both sexed and nonsexed semen for IVF with Isolate® resulted in higher quality sperm and higher embryo production rates than Percoll®.

scholarly journals Superoxide via Sp3 mechanism increases renal renin activity, renal AT1 receptor function, and blood pressure in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (5) ◽  
pp. F1478-F1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saleem ◽  
Xitao Wang ◽  
Indira Pokkunuri ◽  
Mohammad Asghar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Lysine Acetylation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

We tested a hypothesis that superoxide, by inducing Sp3, increases renal renin activity, renal angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) function, and blood pressure (BP) in rats. Group 1 rats were treated with vehicle, saline. Group 2 rats were treated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor diethylthiocarbamate (DETC). Group 3 rats were treated with DETC and an SOD mimetic, tempol. Group 4 rats were treated with tempol only. All four groups of rats were treated for 2 wk then anesthetized, and BP was recorded. Thereafter, diuresis and natriuresis in response to AT1R blocker candesartan were determined. When compared with vehicle rats, BP increased in DETC rats. The increased BP in DETC rats decreased with tempol. Diuresis and natriuresis in response to candesartan increased in controls, and this further increased in DETC rats and decreased with tempol. A second set of four groups of rats underwent the same treatment as above and were anesthetized, and their kidneys were obtained for biochemical studies. The levels of superoxide but not hydrogen peroxide increased, whereas SOD activities decreased further in the renal cortical tissues of DETC rats than vehicle rats. These effects were attenuated with tempol in DETC rats. Moreover, tissue renin activity and abundance of membranous AT1R proteins increased more in DETC rats than vehicle rats, and decreased with tempol in DETC rats. Furthermore, the levels of lysine-acetylated, but not serine-phosphorylated, Sp3 increased more in the nuclei of DETC rats than vehicle rats. The increased levels of Sp3 lysine acetylation decreased in DETC rats with tempol. Taken together, our results suggest that superoxide activates renal Sp3 via lysine acetylation increasing renin activity, AT1R function, and BP in rats.

scholarly journals In vitro assessment of natural extract as irrigant on root dentin microhardness

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 4542-4545
Author(s):  
Sneha Mali ◽  
Abhijeet Phase ◽  
Nootan Mali
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Natural Extract ◽  
Extract Solution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

To determine the effect of a natural extract of of 2.5% concentration on the of root canal when used as an irrigating solution. This was an in comparative study where and twenty intact single-rooted teeth were selected and with a diamond bur to get an apical-coronal length of 10 mm and were randomly separated into three groups as per the used; Group 1 (control): Irrigation with Normal saline, Group 2: Irrigation with Smear Clear solution, Group 3: Irrigation with 2.5% extract solution. were prepared using Pro Taper Universal Rotary Files with intermittent irrigation with the respective irrigating solution. The teeth were then embedded in acrylic resin and subjected to Vicker's Hardness test, and the data obtained were analyzed using one way ANOVA. When Group 2(51.80±9.80 VHN and 52.66±5.28 VHN) was compared with Group 3(44.98±4.34 VHN and VHN) the values showed a statistically significant difference (p< 0.05).When Group 3 (44.98±4.34 VHN and VHN) was compared with Group 1(65.37±8.80 VHN and 67.74±9.56 VHN), the values did show a statistically significant difference (p> 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, teeth irrigated with normal saline showed the least reduction in followed by irrigation with leaf extract solution and Smear Clear.

scholarly journals Inflammatory stress and idiosyncratic drugs hepatotoxicity in rabbit

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
H. T. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Inflammatory Stress ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Hepatotoxic Effect ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity is none or time-related, unpredictable, occur infrequently and can be fatal. It was proposed that inflammatory or oxidative stress occurs randomly in patients even after asymptomatic incidence can precipitate drug hepatotoxicity. To measure the hepatotoxicity of diclofenac in rabbit serum following the incidence of inflammatory stress by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and correlate this to various stress parameters as Malondialdehyde (MDA). 24 rabbits were divided into four groups (6 each) according to the type of treatment. Group 1: control (received normal saline). Group 2 received diclofenac sod. (5mg/kg, orally 3times daily for three days). Group 3: received lipopolysaccharide (150μg/kg, i.v, 24 hours before killing. Group 4: received diclofenac sod. + Lipopolysaccharide (5mg/kg orally + 150μg/kg, i.v 24 hours before killing). Then for each animal were measure, liver M D A, liver enzymes. LPS potentiated the hepatotoxic effect of diclofenac sod. The effect is mediated by oxidative and inflammatory reactions as demonstrated by increase in a liver tissue M D A.

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