scholarly journals HYDRAULIC ASPECTS OF WETLAND DESIGN

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
James R. Walker ◽  
Andrea Bertolotti ◽  
Reinhard E. Flick ◽  
C. Robert Feldmeth
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Tidal Wetlands ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Wetland Functions ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Wetland Design

Tidal wetland preservation, restoration and creation have become requisites for coastal development projects in the United States. A basic approach to design of tidal wetlands is presented, stressing cooperation between regulatory agencies, biologists, engineers, and developers. Basic principles of wetland functions are explained and presented as criteria for engineering design. A description of wetlands is given to identify biological features relevant to design. Also, some key features of tides are summarized as they affect wetland design. A numerical model was used to demonstrate how tidal wetlands may be designed to conform with criteria developed by the agencies and biologists. This approach has been used on wetland designs in California, but the approach may be applicable to other areas of the world.

scholarly journals Worldwide Regulatory Guidance Values Applied to Direct Contact Surface Soil Pesticide Contamination: Part I—Carcinogenic Pesticides

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 117862211771193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron A Jennings ◽  
Zijian Li
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Pesticide Contamination ◽  
Regulatory Guidance ◽  
Bounded Set ◽  
The World ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Model Coefficient

Regulatory agencies worldwide have developed regulatory guidance values (RGVs) for nearly 800 pesticides. Analysis of the residential surface soil guidance values applied to the most frequently regulated current-use agriculture, home, and garden pesticides is presented. Part I concentrates on values applied to atrazine, simazine, and trifluralin. These are unique among commonly used pesticides because they are generally considered to be human carcinogens. Their use has been banned in much of the world, but they are commonly used in the United States. Regulatory guidance values applied to these 3 pesticides vary by 8.6, 5.5, and 5.1 orders of magnitude. Risk model coefficient–bounded set uncertainty analysis is applied to help analyze this variability. Cancer risk model uncertainty bounds appear to contain 36.3%, 43.0%, and 49.5% of the RGVs. Most of the remaining values appear to exceed a lifetime cancer incidence risk of 1 × 10−6 and may not be adequately protective of human health.

Overview of Planned ASME/VUPRE Conference Meeting on Vulnerability, Uncertainty and Probability Quantification in Regulatory Engineering, and IMECE2012 and FEOFS2013 RE Sessions

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Honda
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Public ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Offshore Structure ◽  
Fatigue And Fracture ◽  
The World ◽  
Conference Presentations ◽  
Scientists And Engineers

Regulatory engineering came to be increasingly needed by extensive people of our society to maintain safety, security, and sustainability of the environment, economy, energy, mineral and other resources of our planet among others, as engineering is increasingly globalized to meet the needs and wants of a variety of people and society in the world. The ASME/VUPRE Conference on Vulnerability, Uncertainty and Probability Quantification in Regulatory Engineering was to be held in Washington, D. C. on August 16–18, 2012 or thereafter. The current paper provides an overview of the planned conference presentations and discussion, based on the topics planned, and abstracts submitted among others, as well as those for IMECE2012 Session 5-7-2 Globalization of Regulatory Engineering, and the author’s paper on fatigue and fracture issues of an offshore structure, etc., and role of regulatory engineering, prepared for the 9th International Conference on Fracture and Strength of Solids (FEOFS2013) on June 9–13, 2013 in Jeju, South Korea. Possible impacts of the outcome on the regulatory agencies, regulated communities, scientists and engineers, and general public in the United States, Europe and Japan among other nations and regions are also discussed.

scholarly journals “Trump Tariffs”: To Establish an American-Style Multilateralism Model?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. p224
Author(s):  
Yikai WU
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Tariff Rates ◽  
Trade War ◽  
Trump Administration

One of the goals of the world trade organization is to ensure free and fair trade around the world. Bound tariff rate and most-favored-nation treatment are two basic principles in WTO law, which should be applied and observed among WTO members. The implementation of “trump tariffs” has resulted in a “trade war between China and other countries”, which undoubtedly constitutes a violation of WTO principles, including violation of bound tariff rates and most-favored-nation treatment. At present, the United States is still one of the major setters of the world’s rules, and its every measure has an impact on the whole world. In addition to opposition from around the world, the trump administration’s move to impose tariffs has been criticized by most local economists and lawyers. To achieve fair and free trade, the trump administration should end the implementation of trump tariffs and fulfill its obligations in global multilateral trade and the WTO.

E-Rulemaking

2011 ◽  
pp. 713-717
Author(s):  
C. Coglianese
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Access ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Regulatory Decision ◽  
The World ◽  
Regulatory Proposals

Throughout the world, governments use regulation to combat monopoly power, protect consumers, and reduce health, safety, and environmental risks. Regulation promotes the safety of transportation, the cleanliness of the air, and the quality of their food and drugs. Today, nearly every major aspect of contemporary public life is significantly affected by rules made by regulatory agencies, ministries, or bureaus (Kerwin, 2003). Given the consequential and complex nature of regulatory decision-making, crafting rules presents government agencies with significant informational challenges. Government regulators must collect information to understand the causes of regulatory problems, identify available regulatory options, and predict the effects of each alternative (Coglianese, Zeckhauser, & Parson, 2004). To develop a new rule, regulators must often undertake extensive studies and analyses and respond to comments from industry groups and other interested organizations. E-rulemaking—or the use of information technology in government rulemaking—promises to help regulatory agencies make rules more efficiently and with better quality (Brandon & Carlitz, 2002; Johnson, 1998). E-rulemaking may also help expand public access to and participation in government decision making. Despite the significance of regulatory decisions, they have often been made in relative obscurity, with organized business lobbies sometimes having disproportionate influence over policymaking. Information technology may facilitate greater transparency and democratic accountability in the rulemaking process. Already, regulatory agencies are making use of information technology to create Websites containing notices of new regulatory proposals and various background documents. They have also begun to allow citizens to use the Internet to share comments on new regulatory policies or engage in online dialogues (Beierle, 2003; Brandon & Carlitz, 2002). In early 2003, for example, the United States government launched a new Web portal called Regulations.Gov that allows the public to locate and comment on all new regulatory proposals announced by hundreds of federal regulatory agencies (Skrzycki, 2003). In addition, American officials are currently at work developing a government-wide, online docket system that will make available all the extensive information contained in each agency’s rulemaking files (Skrzycki, 2004). Efforts such as these are likely to continue and can be expected in other regulatory jurisdictions around the world.

scholarly journals A model of American foreign trade policy

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-130
Author(s):  
Predrag Bjelic
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Institutional Model

In this paper the author explains very complex and developed process of trade policy creation in the United States. He describes the institutional model of trade policy creation, main organs and procedures, and the legal setting for that process. He also gives the basic principles in the realization of American trade policy in all dimensions - bilaterally regionally and multilaterally, that is to say the bilateral relations with main American trading partners, the links of the United States with the main regional economic groupings in the world and the U. S. influence in international economic organizations.

E-Rulemaking

2011 ◽  
pp. 2769-2775
Author(s):  
Cary Coglianese
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Access ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Regulatory Decision ◽  
The World ◽  
Regulatory Proposals

Throughout the world, governments use regulation to combat monopoly power, protect consumers, and reduce health, safety, and environmental risks. Regulation promotes the safety of transportation, the cleanliness of the air, and the quality of their food and drugs. Today, nearly every major aspect of contemporary public life is significantly affected by rules made by regulatory agencies, ministries, or bureaus (Kerwin, 2003). Given the consequential and complex nature of regulatory decision-making, crafting rules presents government agencies with significant informational challenges. Government regulators must collect information to understand the causes of regulatory problems, identify available regulatory options, and predict the effects of each alternative (Coglianese, Zeckhauser, & Parson, 2004). To develop a new rule, regulators must often undertake extensive studies and analyses and respond to comments from industry groups and other interested organizations. E-rulemaking—or the use of information technology in government rulemaking—promises to help regulatory agencies make rules more efficiently and with better quality (Brandon & Carlitz, 2002; Johnson, 1998). E-rulemaking may also help expand public access to and participation in government decision making. Despite the significance of regulatory decisions, they have often been made in relative obscurity, with organized business lobbies sometimes having disproportionate influence over policymaking. Information technology may facilitate greater transparency and democratic accountability in the rulemaking process. Already, regulatory agencies are making use of information technology to create Websites containing notices of new regulatory proposals and various background documents. They have also begun to allow citizens to use the Internet to share comments on new regulatory policies or engage in online dialogues (Beierle, 2003; Brandon & Carlitz, 2002). In early 2003, for example, the United States government launched a new Web portal called Regulations.Gov that allows the public to locate and comment on all new regulatory proposals announced by hundreds of federal regulatory agencies (Skrzycki, 2003). In addition, American officials are currently at work developing a government-wide, online docket system that will make available all the extensive information contained in each agency’s rulemaking files (Skrzycki, 2004). Efforts such as these are likely to continue and can be expected in other regulatory jurisdictions around the world.

Introduction to Medical Products Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Lietzan ◽  
Aurélie Mahalatchimy ◽  
Patricia J. Zettler
Keyword(s):  
Medical Devices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Related

This chapter provides an overview of medical products law. Policymakers around the world have long recognized the need to regulate medical products, meaning interventions intended to prevent, diagnose, treat, or cure diseases and other health-related conditions. Generally speaking, these interventions can be subdivided into medicinal products and medical devices, although the distinctions between these categories can be blurred and some commercialized products comprise both. In most of the world, the rules for these two broad categories differ somewhat, although many of the basic principles are the same. Over the past century, regulators in the United States and in the European Union have developed complex frameworks for the regulation of medicines and medical devices marketed within their borders. These frameworks have evolved in response to public health crises. Both jurisdictions seek assurance that medicines and medical devices are safe and effective for their intended purposes. Policymakers in both jurisdictions, as elsewhere in the world, must also strike a balance between encouraging innovation and ensuring a steady supply of newer medical treatments while also ensuring that available medical treatments are in fact affordable for payers and patients.

The 2008 Declaration of Helsinki — First among Equals in Research Ethics?

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Rid ◽  
Harald Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Declaration Of Helsinki ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethical Guidance ◽  
Post Trial ◽  
The U.S

The World Medical Association's (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki is one of the most important and influential international research ethics documents. Launched in 1964, when ethical guidance for research was scarce, the Declaration comprised eleven basic principles and provisions on clinical research. The document has since evolved to a complex set of principles, norms, and directions for action of varying degrees of specificity, ranging from specific rules to broad aspirational statements. It has been revised six times in an effort to maintain its influence. While all revisions were the result of vigorous debate, the 2000 revision and two subsequent notes of clarification spurred particular controversy surrounding the use of placebo in clinical research and the standard of care and post-trial obligations in research in developing countries. Several institutions opted to cite earlier versions of the Declaration, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently removed all reference to the Declaration in its approval requirements for drugs and biological products that are studied outside the United States.

10. Unfinished tasks

2017 ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
Stephen Eric Bronner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Critical Theory ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World

The Frankfurt School never really thought about the world beyond Europe, the Soviet Union, and the United States. But there exists a global totality in which the most basic principles of solidarity are under attack. Resistance calls for linking liberal cosmopolitan principles with economic class interests. Reinvigorated regulative ideals are necessary. Linkages between liberalism and socialism still need to be drawn; class ideals still await realization; the emancipatory heritage of the past still requires reclaiming; and individual autonomy still remains threatened by religion and authoritarianism. New perspectives in critical theory are required to cultivate transformative prospects within an increasingly global society and, in turn, this calls for subjecting critical theory to ongoing critical interrogation.

International Telesupervision: The Clinical Fellowship Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
David W. Rule ◽  
Lisa N. Kelchner
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
East African ◽  
The World ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
National Certification

Telepractice technology allows greater access to speech-language pathology services around the world. These technologies extend beyond evaluation and treatment and are shown to be used effectively in clinical supervision including graduate students and clinical fellows. In fact, a clinical fellow from the United States completed the entire supervised clinical fellowship (CF) year internationally at a rural East African hospital, meeting all requirements for state and national certification by employing telesupervision technology. Thus, telesupervision has the potential to be successfully implemented to address a range of needs including supervisory shortages, health disparities worldwide, and access to services in rural areas where speech-language pathology services are not readily available. The telesupervision experience, potential advantages, implications, and possible limitations are discussed. A brief guide for clinical fellows pursuing telesupervision is also provided.

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