scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil using Ionic Liquid as A Catalyst and Microwave Heating System

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prima Astuti Handayani ◽  
Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Calophyllum Inophyllum ◽  
Process Effects ◽  
Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil ◽  
Homogenous Catalyst

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) is a typical Indonesian plant. Its seed contains abundant inedible oil, and therefore it is potential for biodiesel feedstock. The current issues of biodiesel are longer  reaction time of oil to biodiesel through transesterification reaction and lower biodiesel yield due to ineffective use of a homogenous catalyst. This work was aimed to use an ionic liquid as a catalyst and equipped with microwave heating as the heating system in order to increase the biodiesel yield and accelerate the process. Effects of the catalyst concentration and power of microwave irradiation to the biodiesel yield were studied. The ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (BMIMHSO4) was used as a catalyst. The results showed that the highest biodiesel yield was achieved of 92.81% which was catalyzed by IL0.5NaOH0.5 (0.5 wt.% (BMIMHSO4) + 0.5 wt.% NaOH) with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9, a reaction time of 6 minutes, and the microwave temperature was 60 °C. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 21st November 2016; Revised: 7th March 2017; Accepted: 9th March 2017How to Cite: Handayani, P.A., Abdullah, A., Hadiyanto, H. (2017). Biodiesel Production from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil using Ionic Liquid as A Catalyst and Microwave Heating System. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 12 (2): 293-298 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.2.807.293-298)Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.2.807.293-298 

scholarly journals ESTERIFICATION OF NYAMPLUNG (Calophyllum inophyllum) OIL WITH IONIC LIQUID CATALYST OF BMIMHSO4 AND MICROWAVES-ASSISTED

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Prima Astuti Handayani ◽  
Ria Wulansarie ◽  
Paisal Husaen ◽  
Isna Mardya Ulfayanti
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Calophyllum Inophyllum ◽  
Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil contains high free fatty acid (FFA) that is 21.62%. Nyamplung oil can be utilized as raw material for biodiesel production. Microwave is a method of heating that is used intensively to speed up the production process. Ionic liquid has high catalytic activity, high selectivity, can be recycled and environmentally friendly. This study learned about the esterification of nyamplung oil with ionic liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4) as catalyst and microwave-assisted. The purpose of this study is to obtain optimum condition of esterification process, with free fatty acid concentration (FFA) <2%. This study uses raw materials of nyamplung oil, methanol and BMIMHSO4 as catalyst. Equipment used in study was batch reactor equipped with temperature sensor with microwave heating system. The research variables studied were reaction temperature (50-70oC), molar ratio oil to methanol (1:30-1:60) and catalyst concentration (5-17.5%). The result of esterification reaction was analyzed by FFA (free fatty acid) content using titration analysis. The best free fatty acid (FFA) result was 1.92%, with molar ratio of oil to methanol was 1:40, catalyst concentration was 15% by weight and at 60oC for 120 min. The esterification of  nyamplung oil meets the criteria as biodiesel feedstock.

Biodiesel production assisted by 4-allyl-4-methylmorpholin-4-ium bromine ionic liquid and a microwave heating system

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 570-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Chung Lin ◽  
Po-Ming Yang ◽  
Shang-Cyuan Chen ◽  
Yao-Ting Tu ◽  
Jia-Fang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Biodiesel Production

scholarly journals Intensification and optimization of biodiesel production using microwave-assisted acid-organo catalyzed transesterification process

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moina Athar ◽  
Sadaf Zaidi ◽  
Saeikh Zaffar Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Inorganic Acid

AbstractTo produce biodiesel cost-effective, low-cost, high free fatty acid (FFA) oil feedstock is desirable. But high FFA creates difficulty during the base-catalyzed transesterification process by yield loss due to the formation of soap. However, these problems are overcome by the use of an acid catalyst. The acid catalysts can directly convert both triglycerides and FFAs into biodiesel without the formation of soaps or emulsions. The shortcomings of mostly used inorganic acids are that they work well for esterification of FFA present in low-cost oil, but their kinetics for transesterification of triglycerides present in oils is considerably slower. Corrosion of equipment is another major problem associated with an inorganic acid catalyst. The usage of an organic acid catalyst of the alkyl benzene sulfonic type, like 4-dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) minimizes these disadvantages of inorganic acid-catalyzed transesterification. The aim of the present investigation was to reduce the reaction time of transesterification of triglycerides further by using microwaves as a heating source in the presence of DBSA catalyst to achieve higher conversions under mild operating conditions. To optimize the transesterification variables for the higher conversion of biodiesel, the response surface methodology was employed to design the experiment. By using the DBSA catalyst under microwave heating at a temperature of 76 °C, conversion close to 100% in only 30 min of reaction time was obtained using a 0.09 molar ratio of catalyst to oil and 9.0 molar ratio of methanol to oil. A modified polynomial model was developed and was adequately fitted with the experimental data and could be used for understanding the effect of various process parameters. The catalyst to oil molar ratio and reaction temperature created a stronger effect on the biodiesel production than that exhibited by the methanol to oil molar ratio. It was observed that the microwave heating process outperformed conventional heating, providing a rapid, easy method for biodiesel synthesis from triglycerides in the presence of DBSA, an organic acid catalyst. The produced biodiesel was of good quality, as all the properties were within the prescribed limits of the ASTM D6751 standard.

scholarly journals Response Surface Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil Enhanced by Microwave and Ionic liquid + NaOH Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prima Astuti Handayani ◽  
Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Calophyllum Inophyllum

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) plant is a highly potential raw material in the biodiesel production, the oil in the seeds is 50-73 %. The microwave has been intensively applied to reduce the processing time while ionic liquid also was used as an acceleration agent in the biodiesel production. The optimum process condition of the biodiesel production using Ionic liquid + NaOH as a catalyst mixture and assisted with microwave heating system were determined in this study. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize three transesterification reaction variables: the catalyst concentration of (0.5-1.5 %wt), the reaction temperature of 60-80 oC, and methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1–12:1, while the transesterification time was set constant at 6 minutes. The optimization showed that the maximum biodiesel yield can be obtained was 95.8 % at the catalyst concentration of 1.2 %wt, the reaction temperature of 71.3 oC, and methanol to oil molar ratio of 10.8 mole/mole.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from a Novel Nonedible Feedstock, Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Seed Oil

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Uyen Pham ◽  
My Nguyen ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Feedstock ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
American Society ◽  
Optimal Reaction

This study investigated the optimal reaction conditions for biodiesel production from soursop (Annona muricata) seeds. A high oil yield of 29.6% (w/w) could be obtained from soursop seeds. Oil extracted from soursop seeds was then converted into biodiesel through two-step transesterification process. A highest biodiesel yield of 97.02% was achieved under optimal acid-catalyzed esterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, 1% H2SO4, reaction time: 90 min, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 10:1) and optimal alkali-catalyzed transesterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, reaction time: 30 min, 0.6% NaOH, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 8:1). The properties of soursop biodiesel were determined and most were found to meet the European standard EN 14214 and American Society for Testing and Materials standard D6751. This study suggests that soursop seed oil is a promising biodiesel feedstock and that soursop biodiesel is a viable alternative to petrodiesel.

scholarly journals High-Quality Biodiesel Production from Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) Oil Soapstock

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Pantoja ◽  
Vanessa Mescouto ◽  
Carlos Costa ◽  
José Zamian ◽  
Geraldo Rocha Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Mauritia Flexuosa ◽  
Buriti Oil ◽  
Brazilian Standard

The buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa) is a palm tree widely distributed throughout tropical South America. The oil extracted from the fruits of this palm tree is rich in natural antioxidants. The by-products obtained from the buriti palm have social and economic importance as well, hence the interest in adding value to the residue left from refining this oil to obtain biofuel. The process of methyl esters production from the buriti oil soapstock was optimized considering acidulation and esterification. The effect of the molar ratio of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to soapstock in the range from 0.6 to 1.0 and the reaction time (30–90 min) were analyzed. The best conditions for acidulation were molar ratio 0.8 and reaction time of 60 min. Next, the esterification of the fatty acids obtained was performed using methanol and H2SO4 as catalyst. The effects of the molar ratio (9:1–27:1), percentage of catalyst (2–6%) and reaction time (1–14 h) were investigated. The best reaction conditions were: 18:1 molar ratio, 4% catalyst and 14 h reaction time, which resulted in a yield of 92% and a conversion of 99.9%. All the key biodiesel physicochemical characterizations were within the parameters established by the Brazilian standard. The biodiesel obtained presented high ester content (96.6%) and oxidative stability (16.1 h).

scholarly journals Biocatalytic Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Lipase-Immobilized Carbon Nanotubes for Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihui Wang ◽  
Xinlong Liu ◽  
Yanjun Jiang ◽  
Liya Zhou ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Multiwall Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Pickering Emulsions ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Immobilized Candida Antarctica Lipase

Biodiesel is a promising renewable energy source that can replace fossil fuel, but its production is limited by a lack of high-efficiency catalysts for mass production and popularization. In this study, we developed a biocatalytic Pickering emulsion using multiwall carbon nanotube-immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB@PE) to produce biodiesel, with J. curcas L. seed oil and methanol as substrates. The morphology of CALB@PE was characterized in detail. A central composite design of the response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) was used to study the effects of the parameters on biodiesel yield, namely the amount of J. curcas L. seed oil (1.5 g), molar ratio of methanol to oil (1:1–7:1), CALB@PE dosage (20–140 mg), temperature (30–50 °C), and reaction time (0–24 h). The experimental responses were fitted with a quadratic polynomial equation, and the optimum reaction conditions were the methanol/oil molar ratio of 4.64:1, CALB@PE dosage of 106.87 mg, and temperature of 34.9 °C, with a reaction time of 11.06 h. A yield of 95.2%, which was basically consistent with the predicted value of 95.53%, was obtained. CALB@PE could be reused up to 10 times without a substantial loss of activity. CALB@PE exhibited better reusability than that of Novozym 435 in the process of biodiesel production.

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