scholarly journals Issues of state and national security: Religiously inspired terrorism in the Baltic States: internal and external factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Anatolijs Kriviņš ◽  
Jānis Teivāns-Treinovskis ◽  
Vladas Tumalavičius
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Internal And External Factors

scholarly journals Features of Integration Policy of the Russian Federation towards the Baltic States (1992–2009)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-92
Author(s):  
P. I. Pashkovsky
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Post Soviet Space

In this article, the author described features of Russian integration policy towards the Baltic States (1992–2009). I showed that in the first half of the 1990s, the mechanisms of Russian integration policy were bilateral and multilateral negotiations. From the mid to late 1990s, Russia declared the concept of multi-speed and multi-level integration. Under the influence of internal and external factors, Russia in this period is experiencing its decline in influence and the crisis of integration policy in the post-Soviet space. Since the beginning of the 2000s, Russian integration policy has been characterised by the priority of bilateral ties and economic pragmatism. The relations of Russia with Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in this period are built on mutually beneficial bases, with many unresolved problems and sometimes a high degree of tension. In the second half of the first decade of the XXI century, under the influence of internal and external factors, Russia concentrates on internal modernisation and protection of its interests in the post-Soviet space in general and in the Baltic States region in particular.

scholarly journals Public Preferences Between Wars of Necessity and Wars of Choice

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Yao-Yuan Yeh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Public Preferences ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Self Defence

As a part of the overarching publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), the author assesses preferences and attitudes in societies regarding wars of necessity and wars of choice, as well as reasoning of individuals in willing or unwilling to defend own countries. The author underlines that the level of willingness to defend own country depends on the nature of a potential conflict that the society in question is about to face – either one of necessity, or as a choice. The former here relates to self-defence against immediate threats while the latter to more distant threats.

scholarly journals Willingness to Defend the Baltic States in Quantitative Terms

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Māris Andžāns ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Baltic

As a part of the overarching publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), author of this chapter reviews quantitative data on willingness to defend and to fight for own country in the Baltic states. It is an updated version of a fragment from previous scientific publication by the author.

scholarly journals Legal regulation of the Baltic States national security policy within the NATO’S Strategic concepts evolution framework

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (143) ◽  
pp. 217-228
Author(s):  
Іван Васильович Яковюк ◽  
Станіславович Сергій Шестопал
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
National Security Policy ◽  
The Baltic

scholarly journals Formation of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation in the 1990s: Conditions and Dynamics

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
V. I. Bazhukov
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
The West ◽  
National Interests ◽  
National Security Strategy ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The characteristics of the creation of the National Security Strategy of Russian Federation during the first decade after the USSR collapse are considered in the article. The dynamics of its changes under the influence of internal and external factors are also analysed. Russia’s transition from a policy of solidarity with the West to defending national interests is explained in the paper.

scholarly journals Ecology of tern flight in relation to wind, topography and aerodynamic theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1704) ◽  
pp. 20150396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Hedenström ◽  
Susanne Åkesson
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Moving Medium ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Maximum Range ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Selection Of

Flight is an economical mode of locomotion, because it is both fast and relatively cheap per unit of distance, enabling birds to migrate long distances and obtain food over large areas. The power required to fly follows a U-shaped function in relation to airspeed, from which context dependent ‘optimal’ flight speeds can be derived. Crosswinds will displace birds away from their intended track unless they make compensatory adjustments of heading and airspeed. We report on flight track measurements in five geometrically similar tern species ranging one magnitude in body mass, from both migration and the breeding season at the island of Öland in the Baltic Sea. When leaving the southern point of Öland, migrating Arctic and common terns made a 60° shift in track direction, probably guided by a distant landmark. Terns adjusted both airspeed and heading in relation to tail and side wind, where coastlines facilitated compensation. Airspeed also depended on ecological context (searching versus not searching for food), and it increased with flock size. Species-specific maximum range speed agreed with predicted speeds from a new aerodynamic theory. Our study shows that the selection of airspeed is a behavioural trait that depended on a complex blend of internal and external factors. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.

scholarly journals Spiegošanas un valsts nodevības krimināltiesiskais regulējums nacionālās drošības kontekstā

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-83
Author(s):  
Laura Platace
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Baltic

Apstākļos, kad valda ģeopolitiskais saspīlējums starp Rietumvalstīm un Krieviju, un apsteidzošas informācijas iegūšanas sāncensībā aktuāli kļūst spiegošanas un valsts nodevības noziegumi. Taču kopš neatkarības atjaunošanas Latvijā neviena persona nav notiesāta par spiegošanu. Spēkā esošais Krimināllikuma regulējums ir nepilnīgs un nepietiekams, lai aizsargātu nacionālās drošības intereses, jo Krimināllikums valsts nodevību par noziegumu neatzīst, līdz ar to spiegošanas tiesiskais regulējums ir novecojis un nav piemērots pašreizējai situācijai. The geopolitical environment once again has brought tension between the West and Russia, and in this on-going informational competition such crimes as treason and espionage become topical issues. Four people have been convicted of treason in Estonia over the past six years, while in Lithuania three criminal proceedings for espionage where initiated last year alone. It is a large number for the Baltic States, considering difficulties to prove the mentioned crimes. However, no one has been convicted of espionage in Latvia since regaining of independence. In the article the author compares the existing criminal law of the three Baltic States to discover and analyse possible theoretical as well as practical problems in applying liability for acts of treason and espionage in Latvia. The author proves that the Criminal Law of the Republic of Latvia is incomplete and insufficient to protect national security interests – the Criminal Law does not “recognise” treason as crime, and the legal regulation of espionage is outdated and unsuitable for the present situation.

scholarly journals "Willingness to Defend Estonia: Fostered by Civil-Military Integration and Communication"

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Ivo Juurvee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Military Culture ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Effective Integration ◽  
Positive Factor

As a part of the overarching publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), the author of this chapter assesses willingness to defend Estonia. The author puts forth several points. While such factors as historical experience, i.e., the Soviet occupation and visibility of NATO Allies, are shared with both Latvia and Lithuania, other reasons are more Estonia-specific. Among these are the effective integration of military and civilian sector, i.e., a mature conscription system, operational reservists’ system, and effective military-civilian communication. Another positive factor is the Nordic, or more specifically Finnish, influence on the Estonian military culture, as well as the governance approach and lifestyle in broader terms. Nevertheless, a notable issue remains – level of willingness is lower among non-Estonians, i.e., Russian speakers.

scholarly journals "Conclusions and Recommendations: Between Unwillingness and Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States and Beyond"

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-80
Author(s):  
Māris Andžāns ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Baltic

"Conclusions and recommendations of the publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), where the scientific editor of the publication summarizes the findings and offers recommendations."

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