Research on the Spread Path and Evolution Causes of Oral Language in the Digital Era

Visual orientation seems to indicate the decline of oral communication, but oral communication has its own living space under the new media ecology. Research has found that in the digital media era, voice communication is manifested as a single-level feature that simulates current interaction and information communication. Although voice communication is a lie constructed by individuals, the interaction between the subject’s discourse and the actual field of interaction separate the emotional distance, but the situation is harmonious and inclusive. The following voice communication and new media technologies are still trustworthy. Aiming at multifactor evolutionary algorithm (MFEA), the most classical multifactor evolutionary algorithm in multitask computation, we theoretically analyze the inherent defects of MFEA in dealing with multitask optimization problems with different subfunction dimensions and propose an improved version of the multifactor evolutionary algorithm, called HD-MFEA. In HD-MFEA, we proposed heterodimensional selection crossover and adaptive elite replacement strategies, enabling HD-MFEA to better carry out gene migration in the heterodimensional multitask environment. At the same time, we propose a benchmark test problem of multitask optimization with different dimensions, and HD-MFEA is superior to MFEA and other improved algorithms in the test problem. Secondly, we extend the application scope of multitask evolutionary computation, and for the first time, the training problem of neural networks with different structures is equivalent to the multitask optimization problem with different dimensions. At the same time, according to the hierarchical characteristics of neural networks, a heterodimensional multifactor neural evolution algorithm HD-MFEA neuro-evolution is proposed to train multiple neural networks simultaneously. Through experiments on chaotic time series data sets, we find that HD-MFEA neuro-evolution algorithm is far superior to other evolutionary algorithms, and its convergence speed and accuracy are better than the gradient algorithm commonly used in neural network training.

Postural adjustment as a function of scene orientation

Visual orientation plays an important role in postural control, but the specific characteristics of postural response to orientation remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the relationship between postural response and the subjective visual vertical (SVV) as a function of scene orientation. We presented a virtual room including everyday objects through a head mounted display and measured head tilt. The room orientation varied from 165° left to 180° right in 15° increments. In a separate session, we also conducted a rod adjustment task to record the participant’s SVV in the tilted room. We applied a weighted vector sum model to head tilt and SVV error, and obtained the weight of three visual cues to orientation: frame, horizon and polarity cues. We found substantial contributions of all visual cues to head tilt and SVV error. For SVV error, frame cues made the largest contribution, whereas polarity contribution made the smallest. Head tilt tended to follow a similar pattern to SVV error, but the pattern was unclear. These findings suggest that multiple visual cues to orientation are involved in postural control, and imply different representations of environmental coordinates across postural control and verticality perception.

Differential effects of intra-modal and cross-modal reward value on visual perception: ERP evidence

Stimuli associated with high reward modulate perception and such value-driven effects have been shown to originate from the modulation of the earliest stages of sensory processing in the brain. In natural environments objects comprise multiple features (imagine a rolling soccer ball, with its black and white patches and the swishing sound made during its motion), where each feature may signal different associations with previously encountered rewards. How perception of such an object is affected by the value associations of its constituent parts is unknown. The present study compares intra- and cross-modal value-driven effects on behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of visual perception. Human participants first learned the reward associations of visual and auditory cues. Subsequently, they performed a visual orientation discrimination task in the presence of previously rewarded visual or auditory cues (intra- and cross-modal cues, respectively) that were concurrently presented with the target stimulus. During the conditioning phase, when reward associations were learned and reward cues were the target of the task, reward value of both modalities enhanced the electrophysiological correlates of sensory processing in visual cortex. During the post-conditioning phase, when reward delivery was halted and previously rewarded stimuli were task-irrelevant, cross-modal value-enhanced behavioral measures of visual sensitivity whereas intra-modal value led to a trend for suppression. A similar pattern of modulations was found in the simultaneously recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) of posterior electrodes. We found an early (90-120 ms) suppression of ERPs evoked by high-value, intra-modal stimuli. Cross-modal cues led to a later value-driven modulation, with an enhancement of response positivity for high- compared to low-value stimuli starting at the N1 window (180-250 ms) and extending to the P3 (300-600 ms) responses of the posterior electrodes. These results indicate that visual cortex is modulated by the reward value of visual as well as auditory cues. Previously rewarded, task-irrelevant cues from the same or different sensory modality have a different effect on visual perception, as intra-modal high-value cues may interfere with the target processing, whereas cross-modal high-value cues boost the perception of the target.

Neonatal Development in Prenatally Zika Virus-Exposed Infant Macaques with Dengue Immunity

Infants exposed to Zika virus (ZIKV) prenatally may develop birth defects, developmental deficits, or remain asymptomatic. It is unclear why some infants are more affected than others, although enhancement of maternal ZIKV infection via immunity to an antigenically similar virus, dengue virus (DENV), may play a role. We hypothesized that DENV immunity may worsen prenatal ZIKV infection and developmental deficits in offspring. We utilized a translational macaque model to examine how maternal DENV immunity influences ZIKV-exposed infant macaque neurodevelopment in the first month of life. We inoculated eight macaques with prior DENV infection with ZIKV, five macaques with ZIKV, and four macaques with saline. DENV/ZIKV-exposed infants had significantly worse visual orientation skills than ZIKV-exposed infants whose mothers were DENV-naive, with no differences in motor, sensory or state control development. ZIKV infection characteristics and pregnancy outcomes did not individually differ between dams with and without DENV immunity, but when multiple factors were combined in a multivariate model, maternal DENV immunity combined with ZIKV infection characteristics and pregnancy parameters predicted select developmental outcomes. We demonstrate that maternal DENV immunity exacerbates visual orientation and tracking deficits in ZIKV-exposed infant macaques, suggesting that human studies should evaluate how maternal DENV immunity impacts long-term neurodevelopment.

Individual Scent-Marks of Nest Entrances in the Solitary Bee, Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

The ability to recognize the own nest is a basic skill in nest constructing solitary bees. Osmia cornuta females use a dual mechanism of visual orientation to approach a nest and olfactory verification of the tube when entering it. Occupied tubular cavities were steadily marked by the resident female. Nest marking substances originate from Dufour’s gland and cuticle, enriched by external volatiles. Scent tags were dominated by alkanes and alkenes in a species-specific mixture enriched by small amounts of fatty acid esters, alcohols, and aldehydes. The individual nest tags are sufficiently variable but do not match perfectly with the nesting female. Furthermore, tags are not consistent over time, although females continue in marking. Besides the correct position of the entrance in space, bees have to learn also the bouquet of the used cavity and update their internal template at each visit to recognize their own nest by its actual smell. Due to the dominance of the species-specific hydrocarbon pattern, nest marks may function not only as an occupied sign but may also provide information on the species affiliation and constitution of the nest owner.

Functional Organization of Extraocular Motoneurons and Eye Muscles

Eye movements are indispensable for visual image stabilization during self-generated and passive head and body motion and for visual orientation. Eye muscles and neuronal control elements are evolutionarily conserved, with novel behavioral repertoires emerging during the evolution of frontal eyes and foveae. The precise execution of eye movements with different dynamics is ensured by morphologically diverse yet complementary sets of extraocular muscle fibers and associated motoneurons. Singly and multiply innervated muscle fibers are controlled by motoneuronal subpopulations with largely selective premotor inputs from task-specific ocular motor control centers. The morphological duality of the neuromuscular interface is matched by complementary biochemical and molecular features that collectively assign different physiological properties to the motor entities. In contrast, the functionality represents a continuum where most motor elements contribute to any type of eye movement, although within preferential dynamic ranges, suggesting that signal transmission and muscle contractions occur within bands of frequency-selective pathways.

A-8 Sex Modifies the Association between CSF Neurogranin and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults

Objective Neurogranin is a postsynaptic protein associated with declining memory and executive functioning in Alzheimer’s disease (ad). While previous research suggests neurogranin concentrations in ad are higher in women, it is unclear whether sex differences exist in earlier disease stages or predict different cognitive outcomes. This study investigates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurogranin in relation to longitudinal cognitive decline in older adults ranging from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment, assessing for interactions by sex. Method Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project participants completed baseline fasting lumbar puncture (n = 155, 73 ± 8 years) for neurogranin quantification and serial neuropsychological assessments at 18-month intervals. Linear mixed effect regression adjusting for age, sex (for main effect models), race/ethnicity, education, cognitive diagnosis, depressed mood, and APOE-ε4 carrier status. Results CSF neurogranin predicted worse cognitive decline across multiple domains (p-values <0.05). Sex interactions existed for Boston Naming Test (β = −0.007, p = 0.001), WAIS-IV Coding (β = −0.01, p = 0.02), Hooper Visual Orientation Test (β = −0.005, p = 0.02), and Category (animals) Fluency (β = −0.005, p = 0.048) wherein CSF neurogranin predicted worse decline among women (p-values≤0.03) but not men (p-values≥0.36). Conclusion Results suggest that among nondemented older adults, CSF neurogranin predicts worse longitudinal cognitive decline in women but not in men. Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms that may account for these differences, such as possible sex hormone factors. These findings highlight the importance of pursuing individualized prevention and treatment approaches to combat accelerated cognitive aging that take into account the possibility of multiple, divergent disease pathways preceding ad and dementia among various demographic groups.

Neuronal correlates of attentional selectivity and intensity in visual area V4 are invariant of motivational context

Flexibly switching attentional strategies is crucial for adaptive behavior in changing environments. Depending on the context, task demand employs different degrees of the two fundamental components of attention- attentional selectivity (preferentially attending to one location in visual space) and effort (the total non-selective intensity of attention). Neuronal responses in the visual cortex that show modulation with changes in either selective attention or effort are reported to partially represent motivational aspect of the task context. The relative contributions and interactions of these two components of attention to modulate neuronal signals and their sensitivity to distinct motivational drives are poorly understood. To address this question, we independently controlled monkeys' spatially selective attention and non-selective attentional intensity in the same experimental session during a novel visual orientation change detection task. Attention was controlled either by adjusting the relative difficulty of the orientation changes at the two locations or by the reward associated with stimuli at two locations while simultaneously recording spikes from populations of neurons in area V4. We found that V4 neurons are robustly modulated by either selective attention or attentional intensity. Notably, as attentional selectivity for a neuron's receptive field location decreased, its responses became weaker, despite an increase in the animal's overall attentional intensity. This strong interaction between attentional selectivity and intensity could be identified in single trial spike trains. A simple divisive normalization of spatially distributed attention performances can explain the interaction between attention components well at the single neuron level. The effects of attentional selectivity and attentional intensity on neuronal responses were the same regardless of whether the changes were motivated by reward or task difficulty. These results provide a detailed cellular-level mechanism of how fundamental components of attention integrate and affect sensory processing in varying motivational and stimulus contexts.