History of the research laboratory (medicinal and environmental toxicology) of the Military medical academy named after S.M. Kirov

This paper presents the history of the formation of the Research Department of the Experimental Medicine of the Research Center of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. The department is the only division of the academy that conducts experiments on animal models and field tests using laboratory animals in the interests of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The paper also presents the main scientific achievements and development prospects of one of the three laboratories of the department Research Laboratory of Medicinal and Environmental Toxicology. In the direction of drug toxicology, the laboratory staff worked for 15 years in cooperation with the Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pushchino) on the problems of perfluorocarbon-based blood substitutes. The results of the study helped deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of the physiological activity of perfluorocarbon emulsions and the expansion of the areas of clinical application of perftoran. The ecotoxicological direction of scientific research is represented by two large-scale cycles of scientific studies. The first was devoted to the medical support of oil refining to increase the protection of personnel who have been professionally exposed to toxic chemicals from the damage caused by chemical accidents. The second area of environmental research, which has been significantly updated in recent years, is devoted to the study of remote environmental and biomedical consequences of the use of chemical weapons by the US Army in the period from 1966 to 1972 in Vietnam. In recent years, the laboratory has focused on problems related to the search and development of new radiation countermeasure agents including biotechnological products and their compositions. Studies are also being conducted to improve the complex therapy of patients with sepsis, in which methods of extracorporeal blood purification are used in the treatment. These works are relevant for military and civilian health care and are performed in cooperation with the departments of the academy and several leading research organizations in St. Petersburg.

Environmental Toxicant and Immune cells: A Review

Immune system is the adaptive defense mechanism which is evolved in vertebrates to keep them from invading pathogenic microorganisms and cancer. In immune system consists of some specialized cells like: lymphocytes, neutrophils, NK cells, basophils, macrophages, eiosinophils, mast cells, etc.Ecotoxicology is a subdisicipline of environmental toxicology concerd with studing the damaging effects of toxicants at the population and nature. Environmental toxicants are simply toxic substances in the nature. Environmental toxicant which is effect on ecosystem very badly.In this paper we discuss that how environmental toxicant effect on immune system or immune cells.

Air Pollution COVID-19 and Forensic Implications

COVID-19 and the new variant are a classic example of viral and environmental toxicology link. Observing literature related spread velocity and diffusion of this respiratory virus it is clear the role played by air pollution. The high rate of this environmental pollutant produced a worsening factors that increased mortality rate also.

Environmental Toxicology Assays Using Organ-on-Chip

Adverse effects of environmental toxicants to human health have traditionally been assayed using in vitro assays. Organ-on-chip (OOC) is a new platform that can bridge the gaps between in vitro assays (or 3D cell culture) and animal tests. Microenvironments, physical and biochemical stimuli, and adequate sensing and biosensing systems can be integrated into OOC devices to better recapitulate the in vivo tissue and organ behavior and metabolism. While OOCs have extensively been studied for drug toxicity screening, their implementation in environmental toxicology assays is minimal and has limitations. In this review, recent attempts of environmental toxicology assays using OOCs, including multiple-organs-on-chip, are summarized and compared with OOC-based drug toxicity screening. Requirements for further improvements are identified and potential solutions are suggested. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, Volume 14 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.