Zróżnicowanie zachowań zdrowotnych młodzieży na tle warunków życia i percepcji środowiska miejsca zamieszkania

Zdrowie stanowi najcenniejszą wartość osobistą i społeczną. W obszarze badań nad zachowaniami zdrowotnymi coraz większe znaczenie nadaje się czynnikom ekonomiczno-społecznym, związanym z zamożnością, pozycją społeczną i kapitałem społecznym. Przypuszcza się, że nierówności społeczne mogą w istotny sposób bezpośrednio lub pośrednio oddziaływać na zdrowie młodzieży i na jej przyszłość. Celem niniejszych badań jest zidentyfikowanie zależności między zachowaniami sprzyjającymi zdrowiu i ryzykownymi dla zdrowia deklarowanymi przez piętnastoletnią wrocławską młodzież a warunkami życia i środowiskiem lokalnym. Materiał niniejszego artykułu stanowią dane uzyskane w wyniku badań 34 szkół we Wrocławiu. W ocenie zachowań zdrowotnych posłużono się: Międzynarodowym Kwestionariuszem Zachowań Zdrowotnych Młodzieży Szkolnej HBSC (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children) o potwierdzonej trafności i rzetelności. Zróżnicowanie wybranych zachowań zdrowotnych odniesiono do zasobów materialnych rodziny FAS (Family Affluence Scale), nasilenia problemów w środowisku lokalnym, a także percepcji kapitału społecznego w badanym środowisku. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że wrocławska młodzież o wyższym poziomie zamożności rodziny mniej czasu wolnego poświęca na oglądanie telewizji, granie w gry komputerowe czy korzystanie z Internetu. Wzrost zamożności rodziny mierzony skalą FAS nie zawsze był skorelowany z zachowaniami sprzyjającymi zdrowiu. Młodzież o najniższym poziomie zamożności rodziny najczęściej deklarowała niespożywanie alkoholu. Wysoki poziom postrzegania kapitału społecznego w środowisku lokalnym okazał się istotnie skorelowany z zalecaną codzienną aktywnością fizyczną. Ponadto, im wyższy deklarowano poziom postrzegania kapitału społecznego, tym częściej piętnastolatkowie palili tytoń. Nasilenie problemów w środowisku lokalnym nie było istotnie skorelowane z zachowaniami zdrowotnymi.

Does the family affluence scale reflect actual parental earned income, level of education and occupational status? A validation study using register data in Sweden

Aim To examine the external validity of the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) among adolescents in Sweden by using register data for parental earned income, level of education and occupational status. Methods Data from the baseline (2015–2019) of the Study of Adolescence Resilience and Stress (STARS), comprising 2283 13-year-olds in the region of Västra Götaland, were used. The FAS III consists of six items: unshared bedroom, car ownership, computer/tablet ownership, dishwasher, number of bathrooms and number of holidays abroad. Register data regarding earned income, educational level and occupational status from Statistics Sweden (2014–2018) were linked to adolescents. In total, survey data were available for 2280 adolescents, and register data were available for 2258 mothers and 2204 fathers. Results Total parental earned income was moderately correlated with adolescents’ scoring on FAS (0.31 < r < 0.48, p < 0.001), depending on examination year. The low FAS group mainly comprised low-income households, and the high FAS group mainly comprised high-income households. Correlations between mothers’ and fathers’ educational level and adolescents’ scoring on FAS were low (r = 0.19 and r = 0.21, respectively, p < 0.001). FAS was higher among adolescents whose parents were working, but the correlation between parents’ occupational status and FAS was low (r = 0.22, p < 0.001). Conclusions The FAS can mainly identify low- and high-income households in Sweden. It may be used as an alternative measure of parental earned income in studies using self-reported socioeconomic status among adolescents.

Family Affluence Relationship to Sports Specialization in Youth Athletes

Our objective was to examine the association between participant-reported family affluence and sport specialization level. We conducted a cross-sectional investigation of adolescent athletes. Specifically, participants completed a level of sport specialization (low/moderate/high) questionnaire and the Family Affluence Scale. The majority (52%) of the 195 youth athlete participants reported low, 33% reported moderate, and 15% reported high sport specialization. Sport specialization groups were similar in age (mean = 15.3 ± 1.6 years), proportion of females (49%), and time spent training (mean = 11.9 ± 5.0 hours per week). The high sport specialization group reported significantly greater family affluence than the low sport specialization group (Family Affluence Scale = 10.4 ± 1.7 vs 9.2 ± 1.9; P = .005). After covariate adjustment, higher levels of sport specialization remained significantly associated with greater family affluence (β = 0.48, 95% confidence interval = 0.11-0.86). Understanding the relationship between family affluence and sports specialization affords an opportunity to better identify and monitor populations likely to specialize in a single sport during high school.

Associations Between Physical Activity and Perceived School Performance of Young Adolescents in Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Countries

Background: Regular physical activity and doing well in school are important for growing adolescents. In this study, the associations between physical activity and perceived school performance (PSP) are examined together. Methods: Young adolescents from 42 countries (n = 193,949) in Europe and Canada were examined for associations between self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and PSP. Multinominal analyses were conducted with 0 to 2 days of MVPA and below average PSP as reference categories. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were reported for pooled data and individual countries after controlling for family affluence scale. Results: Girls had better PSP than boys, yet more boys participated in daily MVPA than girls. The associations between PSP and MVPA were inverted U shaped. The strongest association for very good PSP was among young adolescents who reported 5 to 6 days MVPA (odds ratios = 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.1–2.4) after controlling for family affluence scale. Conclusions: Young adolescents with average or better PSP took part in at least 3 days of MVPA in a week, suggesting that participating in some MVPA was positively associated with PSP. More days of MVPA in a week, especially for young adolescents with below average PSP, would be beneficial for health and school performance.

FAMILY AFFLUENCE RELATIONSHIP TO SPORTS SPECIALIZATION IN YOUTH ATHLETES

Background: Specializing in a single sport while excluding others, also known as sports specialization, is increasing in prevalence in the United States. The effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on rates of sports specialization has been previously described in the specialty clinic setting using zip code as a surrogate for SES. Patient-reported family affluence, a validated surrogate for SES, may provide more specific information about how family SES is associated with sport specialization. Purpose/Hypothesis: Our purpose was to examine the association between patient-reported SES and sport specialization level. We hypothesized that athletes who reported higher levels of sports specialization would report greater family affluence. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of youth athletes undergoing a pre-participation evaluation. During the assessment, participants specified their level of sport specialization on a 3-point scale described originally by Jayanthi and colleagues. Participants also completed the Family Affluence Scale, a 6-item scale which is a valid correlate of parental income. We compared family affluence among the sport specialization groups (low/medium/high) using ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc comparisons. We then constructed a multivariable linear regression model to assess the association between family affluence and sport specialization level while controlling for potential confounding variables. Results: A total of 195 youth athletes participated in the study. The majority (52%) reported low levels of sport specialization, 33% reported medium sport specialization, and 15% reported high sport specialization. The sport specialization groups were similar in age, proportion of females, and time spent training in their sport (Table 1). A significantly larger proportion of highly specialized athletes were varsity athletes compared to the low specialization group (Table 1). The high sport specialization group reported significantly greater family affluence than the low sport specialization group (Figure 1). After covariate adjustment, higher levels of sport specialization remained significantly associated with greater reported family affluence (Table 2). Conclusion: In our population of youth athletes, high sports specialization was associated with greater family affluence. Additionally, we found a significantly higher proportion of varsity level athletes in the high sports specialization groups. This study extends previous studies identifying greater sports specialization levels among those with higher SES. By using the Family Affluence Scale and sampling from a large and diverse population during a pre-participation evaluation, our findings reflect accurate patient-level associations. Examining SES and sports specialization affords the sports medicine community an opportunity to better identify and monitor populations who are likely to specialize in a single sport during high school. [Table: see text][Figure: see text][Table: see text]