Suitability of water treatment chemicals in the remediation of produced water: a data-driven approach

There exist numerous counts of research works on produced water. We got to know about them because they made it to publishing probably by indicating a positive or promising result. Contrarily, there exist a hundred times unpublished, unreported works on produced water; works rejected based on not yielding desirable results or not being innovative enough. We might have encountered undesirable results but to what depths and time have we committed to mining out intricate details. The world is thinking and demanding sustainability. Is it sustainable for the future of water treatment, the ease and pace at which we transition to the next chemical or treatment option? In this data-centred approach, three common chemicals, aluminium sulphate, ferrous ammonium sulphate and calcium chloride, were used to treat produced water. The collected data (both initial and final analysis) were inferentially analysed. The first statistical analysis was the testing of 2 hypotheses using the Analysis of Variance test. This was done to reveal to compare the dependence of produced water properties on two categorical variables (sample type and treatment chemicals). The second was the test for relevance: correlation and regression analyses. The laboratory experimental analysis revealed that aluminium sulphate was most suitable for the alteration of physical effluent characteristics; ferrous ammonium sulphate for salinity concerns and calcium chloride for a particular heavy metal’s stability. The overall effluent characteristics indicated a greater dependency on ‘sample type’ than ‘treatment chemicals’. Certain produced water properties relationships were highlighted and quantified for instance iron(II) and chloride ion concentrations were dependent on total solids and indicated a significance F of 0.01.

SPECTROSCOPIC AND VOLUMETRIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF IVABRADINE IMPURITY 3,3'-(PROPANE-1,3-DIYL)BIS(7,8-DIMETHOXY-1,3,4,5-TETRAHYDRO-2H-BENZO[D]AZEPIN-2-ONE)

Objective: Two simple and sensitive techniques - one spectrophotometric and one titrimetric- have been developed for the determination of 3,3'-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[d]azepin-2-one) commonly known as ivabradine impurity-9 (IVA-9). Methods: The spectrophotometric method is based on the oxidation of drug impurity by excess cerium (IV) sulphate in acidic medium and the subsequent reaction of the remaining Ce(IV) with a known amount of ferrous ammonium sulphate. The resultant ferric ion is then made to react with thiocyanate in acid medium to form a brown coloured complex which is analyzed spectrophotometrically against the reagent blank. In the volumetric method, the un-reacted Ce(IV) is titrated against standard ferrous ammonium sulphate to estimate the quantity of IVA-9. Results: The colored complex showed an absorption maximum at 479 nm when measured spectrophotometrically. The stated methods are validated statistically using the International Council for Harmonization guidelines-ICH Q2(R1) for precision and accuracy. The method showed a linear response from 0.5 to 100µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9985 Conclusion : No estimation techniques have been reported to date for the determination of this molecule. The proposed techniques may be used for the routine quantification in its pure form and also in presence of its parent drug molecule Ivabradine.

Extraction of Dyes from Petrocarpus santalinus and Dyeing of Natural Fibres Using Different Mordants

Aqueous extraction of natural dyes from Petrocarpus santalinus tree wood and dyeing of the following natural fibres: banana fibre, screw fine fibre, pineapple fibre, sisal fibre, korai and palm leaf using various mordants to fix the colour in the fibre materials were performed. Salt, sodium bicarbonate, oxalic acid, tannic acid, ferrous ammonium sulphate, stannous chloride (tin metal powder), alum and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) were used as a mordant for the dying of the natural fibres. Petrocarpus santalinus dye was effectively dyed on natural fibres using different mordants, producing different colours like tomato, maroon, orange red, chocolate, brown, quarry red, black, brick red, tile red, terra colla, sunbaked clay, gray, brick red, victorian red, firebrick, brown, crimson and orange, using these mordants.

Low Temperature Grafting of MMA on to Coir Fibre

Low temperature grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on to coir fibre was carried out in aqueous medium using Potassium per sulphate (PPS) as an initiator under the catalytic influence of Ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS). Optimization of various parameters of grafting viz. monomer, initiator and catalyst concentration, time and temperature was carried out to obtain the maximum tensile properties. Evidence of grafting was characterized from Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermal analysis (TGA). The maximum breaking stress (BS) of control and grafted coir fibre were 213.08 and 365.00 N/mm2 respectively. Hence the percentage of improvement of grafted coir fibre was found to be 71.30%. Increase in tensile properties with maximum BS observed under monomer (25%), initiator (0.75%) and catalyst (0.75%) concentration, time (150min) and temperature (500C) respectively. The t-test and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were studied for statistical significance and the P values obtained were less than 0.05 which revealed that the value was highly significant for the improvement of mechanical strength on coir fibre by graft Co- polymerization.

Microanalytical determination of calcium, phosphate, and arsenate including kinetics of formation of molybdenum blue from reduction of molybdoarsenic acid by ferrous ammonium sulphate

A method for the microdetermination of calcium, phosphate, and arsenate in mixtures of the three has been developed. In an aliquot of the mixture calcium was determined complexometrically using EDTA. Phosphate and arsenate were determined in second and third aliquots, respectively, using spectrophotometric methods. The interference of arsenate in the determination of phosphate was avoided by masking arsenate with thiosulphate. The kinetics of formation of molybdenum blue from molybdoarsenic acid by reduction with ferrous ammonium sulphate was also studied. The rate-determining step was found to be the reduction of molybdoarsenic acid with iron(II); the reaction was first order in iron(II) and arsenate over the concentration ranges studied. Values found for the enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of activation were 22, 0.05, and 7.5 kcal, respectively.

Repression, Derepression and Activation of Nitrogenase in Azotobacter Vinelandii

Ammonium ions repressed nitrogenase in cells fixing N2 gas. Immunological tests and electrophoresIs in various gels show that component I (Fe-Mo-S protein) was completely repressed by ammonium, whereas component II (Fe-S protein) apoprotein was not markedly affected. Component II from ammonium-grown cells, however, was inactive since it did not cross react with component I to reduce C2H2 to C2H4 ? The inactive component II apoprotein is immunologically identical to its active counterpart from cells fixing N2 ? Identical protein patterns were also observed in various gel-electrophoresis systems. Oxygen-inactivated component II may be reactivated with FeS04' This salt is preferable to ferrous ammonium sulphate which inactivated component I. Immunodiffusion under aerobic conditions shows that purified component I is composed of aggregated and non-aggregated forms which are antigenically distinct. The aggregate was dissociated by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) into a single antigenic species which was further resolved into two subunits on SDS disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.