scholarly journals Production of Defense Phenolics in Tomato Leaves of Different Age

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 4952
Author(s):  
Kateřina Dadáková ◽  
Tereza Heinrichová ◽  
Jan Lochman ◽  
Tomáš Kašparovský
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Defense Reaction ◽  
Tomato Dc3000 ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Phenolic Profiles ◽  
Salicylic Acid Glucoside

Phenolics play an essential role in the defense reaction of crop plants against pathogens. However, the intensity of their production induced by infection may differ during the life of a plant. Here, we identified age-related differences in phenolic biosynthesis in the pathosystem Solanum lycopersicum cv. Amateur and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. We analyzed concentrations of total phenolics, phenolic profiles, and concentrations of selected phenolic acids. The influence of bacterial infection, together with leaf and plant age, was assessed. The changes in concentrations of caffeic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and salicylic acid glucoside caused by infection were found to be influenced by age. In concrete, the increases in the concentrations of these metabolites were all evident only in young plants.

scholarly journals Chitosan Oligosaccharide Induces Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana by Activating Both Salicylic Acid– and Jasmonic Acid–Mediated Pathways

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1271-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Jia ◽  
Haihong Zeng ◽  
Wenxia Wang ◽  
Fuyun Zhang ◽  
Heng Yin
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽  
Induction Effect ◽  
Tomato Dc3000 ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an effective plant immunity elicitor; however, its induction mechanism in plants is complex and needs further investigation. In this study, the Arabidopsis–Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (hereafter called DC3000) interaction was used to investigate the induction effect and the underlying mechanisms of COS. COS is effective in inducing resistance to DC3000 in Arabidopsis, and our results demonstrate that treatment with COS 3 days before DC3000 inoculation provided the most effective resistance. Disease severity in jar1 (jasmonic acid [JA]-deficient mutant), NahG, and sid2 (salicylic acid [SA]-deficient mutants) suggest both the SA and JA pathways are required for the Arabidopsis response to DC3000. COS pretreatment induced resistance in wild type (WT), jar1, and also, although to a lesser degree, in NahG and sid2 plants, implying that the SA and JA pathways play redundant roles in COS-induced resistance to DC3000. In COS-pretreated plants, expression of genes related to the SA pathway (PR1, PR2, and PR5) and SA content increased in both WT and jar1. Moreover, expression of genes related to the JA pathway (PDF1.2 and VSP2) and JA content both increased in WT and NahG. In conclusion, COS induces resistance to DC3000 in Arabidopsis by activating both SA- and JA-mediated pathways, although SA and JA pathways play redundant roles in this COS-induced resistance.

scholarly journals The Phytotoxin Coronatine Contributes to Pathogen Fitness and Is Required for Suppression of Salicylic Acid Accumulation in Tomato Inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 955-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivasa Rao Uppalapati ◽  
Yasuhiro Ishiga ◽  
Tamding Wangdi ◽  
Barbara N. Kunkel ◽  
Ajith Anand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Tomato Dc3000 ◽  
Defense Proteins ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Salicylic Acid Accumulation ◽  
Pathogen Fitness

The roles of the phytotoxin coronatine (COR) and salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defenses in the interaction of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were investigated. Unlike findings reported for Arabidopsis thaliana, DC3000 mutants impaired for production of COR or one of its components, coronafacic acid (CFA) or coronamic acid (CMA), induced distinctly different disease lesion phenotypes in tomato. Tomato plants inoculated with the CFA- CMA- mutant DB29 showed elevated transcript levels of SlICS, which encodes isochorismate synthase, an enzyme involved in SA biosynthesis in S. lycopersicum. Furthermore, expression of genes encoding SA-mediated defense proteins were elevated in DB29-inoculated plants compared with plants inoculated with DC3000, suggesting that COR suppresses SlICS-mediated SA responses. Sequence analysis of SlICS revealed that it encodes a protein that is 55 and 59.6% identical to the A. thaliana ICS-encoded proteins AtICS1 and AtICS2, respectively. Tomato plants silenced for SlICS were hypersusceptible to DC3000 and accumulated lower levels of SA after infection with DC3000 compared with inoculated wild-type tomato plants. Unlike what has been shown for A. thaliana, the COR- mutant DB29 was impaired for persistence in SlICS-silenced tomato plants; thus, COR has additional roles in virulence that are SA independent and important in the latter stages of disease development. In summary, the infection assays, metabolic profiling, and gene expression results described in this study indicate that the intact COR molecule is required for both suppression of SA-mediated defense responses and full disease symptom development in tomato.

scholarly journals Age-Related Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana Involves the MADS-Domain Transcription Factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and Direct Action of Salicylic Acid on Pseudomonas syringae

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 919-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Wilson ◽  
Christine J. Kempthorne ◽  
Philip Carella ◽  
David K. Liscombe ◽  
Robin K. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agent ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Short Vegetative Phase ◽  
Age Related

Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a developmentally regulated disease-resistance response known as age-related resistance (ARR), a process that requires intercellular accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), which is thought to act as an antimicrobial agent. ARR is characterized by enhanced resistance to some pathogens at the late adult-vegetative and reproductive stages. While the transition to flowering does not cause the onset of ARR, both processes involve the MADS-domain transcription factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP). In this study, ARR-defective svp mutants were found to accumulate reduced levels of intercellular SA compared with wild type in response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Double mutant and overexpression analyses suggest that SVP and SOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1) act antagonistically, such that SVP is required for ARR to alleviate the negative effects of SOC1 on SA accumulation. In vitro, SA exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity at concentrations similar to those measured in the intercellular space during ARR. In vivo, P. syringae pv. tomato formed biofilm-like aggregates in young susceptible plants, while this was drastically reduced in mature ARR-competent plants, which accumulate intercellular SA. Collectively, these results reveal a novel role for the floral regulators SVP and SOC1 in disease resistance and provide evidence that SA acts directly on pathogens as an antimicrobial agent. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals The Arabidopsis thaliana JASMONATE INSENSITIVE 1 Gene Is Required for Suppression of Salicylic Acid-Dependent Defenses During Infection by Pseudomonas syringae

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 789-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neva Laurie-Berry ◽  
Vinita Joardar ◽  
Ian H. Street ◽  
Barbara N. Kunkel
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Tomato Dc3000 ◽  
Jasmonate Signaling ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Elevated Expression

Many plant pathogens suppress antimicrobial defenses using virulence factors that modulate endogenous host defenses. The Pseudomonas syringae phytotoxin coronatine (COR) is believed to promote virulence by acting as a jasmonate analog, because COR-insensitive 1 (coi1) Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato mutants are impaired in jasmonate signaling and exhibit reduced susceptibility to P. syringae. To further investigate the role of jasmonate signaling in disease development, we analyzed several jasmonate-insensitive A. thaliana mutants for susceptibility to P. syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 and sensitivity to COR. Jasmonate-insensitive1 (jin1) mutants exhibit both reduced susceptibility to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and reduced sensitivity to COR, whereas jasmonate-resistant 1 (jar1) plants exhibit wild-type responses to both COR and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. A jin1 jar1 double mutant does not exhibit enhanced jasmonate insensitivity, suggesting that JIN1 functions downstream of jasmonic acid-amino acid conjugates synthesized by JAR1. Reduced disease susceptibility in jin1 mutants is correlated with elevated expression of pathogenesis-related 1(PR-1) and is dependent on accumulation of salicylic acid (SA). We also show that JIN1 is required for normal P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 symptom development through an SA-independent mechanism. Thus,P. syringae pv. tomatoDC3000 appears to utilize COR to manipulate JIN1-dependent jasmonate signaling both to suppress SA-mediated defenses and to promote symptom development.

scholarly journals A Putative RNA-Binding Protein Positively Regulates Salicylic Acid–Mediated Immunity in Arabidopsis

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1573-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiping Qi ◽  
Kenichi Tsuda ◽  
Anna Joe ◽  
Masanao Sato ◽  
Le V. Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Rna Binding Protein ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Tomato Dc3000 ◽  
Overexpression Line

RNA-binding proteins (RBP) can control gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Plants respond to pathogen infection with rapid reprogramming of gene expression. However, little is known about how plant RBP function in plant immunity. Here, we describe the involvement of an RBP, Arabidopsis thaliana RNA-binding protein-defense related 1 (AtRBP-DR1; At4g03110), in resistance to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. AtRBP-DR1 loss-of-function mutants showed enhanced susceptibility to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Overexpression of AtRBP-DR1 led to enhanced resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 strains and dwarfism. The hypersensitive response triggered by P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 avrRpt2 was compromised in the Atrbp-dr1 mutant and enhanced in the AtRBP-DR1 overexpression line at early time points. AtRBP-DR1 overexpression lines showed higher mRNA levels of SID2 and PR1, which are salicylic acid (SA) inducible, as well as spontaneous cell death in mature leaves. Consistent with these observations, the SA level was low in the Atrbp-dr1 mutant but high in the overexpression line. The SA-related phenotype in the overexpression line was fully dependent on SID2. Thus, AtRBP-DR1 is a positive regulator of SA-mediated immunity, possibly acting on SA signaling-related genes at a post-transcriptional level.

scholarly journals Salicylic Acid, Yersiniabactin, and Pyoverdin Production by the Model Phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000: Synthesis, Regulation, and Impact on Tomato and Arabidopsis Host Plants

2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (19) ◽  
pp. 6773-6786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Jones ◽  
Steven E. Lindow ◽  
Mary C. Wildermuth
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Iron Acquisition ◽  
Growth Defect ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tomato Dc3000 ◽  
Genomic Cluster ◽  
Synthesis Regulation

ABSTRACT A genetically tractable model plant pathosystem, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 on tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana hosts, was used to investigate the role of salicylic acid (SA) and iron acquisition via siderophores in bacterial virulence. Pathogen-induced SA accumulation mediates defense in these plants, and DC3000 contains the genes required for the synthesis of SA, the SA-incorporated siderophore yersiniabactin (Ybt), and the fluorescent siderophore pyoverdin (Pvd). We found that DC3000 synthesizes SA, Ybt, and Pvd under iron-limiting conditions in culture. Synthesis of SA and Ybt by DC3000 requires pchA, an isochorismate synthase gene in the Ybt genomic cluster, and exogenous SA can restore Ybt production by the pchA mutant. Ybt was also produced by DC3000 in planta, suggesting that Ybt plays a role in DC3000 pathogenesis. However, the pchA mutant did not exhibit any growth defect or altered virulence in plants. This lack of phenotype was not attributable to plant-produced SA restoring Ybt production, as the pchA mutant grew similarly to DC3000 in an Arabidopsis SA biosynthetic mutant, and in planta Ybt was not detected in pchA-infected wild-type plants. In culture, no growth defect was observed for the pchA mutant versus DC3000 for any condition tested. Instead, enhanced growth of the pchA mutant was observed under stringent iron limitation and additional stresses. This suggests that SA and Ybt production by DC3000 is costly and that Pvd is sufficient for iron acquisition. Further exploration of the comparative synthesis and utility of Ybt versus Pvd production by DC3000 found siderophore-dependent amplification of ybt gene expression to be absent, suggesting that Ybt may play a yet unknown role in DC3000 pathogenesis.

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