Retrieval and Evaluation of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in Reservoirs with Main Water Supply Function in Beijing, China, Based on Landsat Satellite Images

Remote sensing retrieval is an important technology for studying water eutrophication. In this study, Guanting Reservoir with the main water supply function of Beijing was selected as the research object. Based on the measured data in 2016, 2017, and 2019, and Landsat-8 remote sensing images, the concentration and distribution of chlorophyll-a in the Guanting Reservoir were inversed. We analyzed the changes in chlorophyll-a concentration of the reservoir in Beijing and the reasons and effects. Although the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the Guanting Reservoir decreased gradually, it may still increase. The amount and stability of water storage, chlorophyll-a concentration of the supply water, and nitrogen and phosphorus concentration change are important factors affecting the chlorophyll-a concentration of the reservoir. We also found a strong correlation between the pixel values of adjacent reservoirs in the same image, so the chlorophyll-a estimation model can be applied to each other.

Estimating intertemporal elasticity of substitution of labor supply for married women in Russia

This paper provides an econometric analysis of the labor supply function of married women in Russia based on data from RLMS HSE and methodology from the work (Heckman, MaCurdy, 1980), in which decisions about entering the labor market and the intensity of work are made within a dynamic optimization problem. It is shown that the husband’s leisure and the number of children living in the household have a negative effect on the woman’s hours worked. The estimate of the Frisch elasticity of labor supply with respect to wages lies near 0.16.

Development and Evaluation of the Hydropower Reservoir Rule Curve for a Sustainable Water Supply

The Seoul metropolitan area in the Han River basin is searching for sustainable water supply options after recently experiencing an extreme drought. Building a new reservoir is a common way to alleviate water shortage, but this comes at a great environmental cost. The South Korean government granted permission to add on a water supply function for the Hwacheon Reservoir, the largest hydropower reservoir in Korea, for the first time in the history. This study develops a new rule curve for the Hwacheon Reservoir to supply water and generate energy at the same time, considering the status of other reservoirs in the Han River basin. The simulation model uses two scenarios, with scenario 1 simulating historic operation and scenario 2 applying the deficit supply method. The new rule curve was formulated based on the results from scenario 2. Time-based and volumetric reliability increased by 33% and 4%, respectively, and resiliency more than doubled compared to the historic reservoir operation. This is the first case study in South Korea that demonstrates how to successfully integrate a water supply function into an existing hydropower reservoir. This study can be applied and extended to other river basins in an attempt to alleviate water shortages by adding new functions to existing reservoirs.

The Rational Expectations Hypothesis and the New Classicals

This chapter analyses the Rational Expectations Hypothesis (REH), a pillar of forward-looking macroeconomics that emphasizes expectations. It also develops its implications in terms of ‘market efficiency’ and related concepts. It then reviews New Classical Macroeconomics: its main tenets, the ‘Lucas supply function’ that is crucial for much subsequent theory, and the ‘Lucas island model’ that underpins it. The centrepiece ‘Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition’ (PIP) is developed both intuitively and more formally. Subsequently, the chapter reviews one major line of criticism of PIP, the fact that markets may not clear, based in particular on staggered wage setting. Broader criticisms of the REH, including ‘bounded rationality’, are also reviewed. The chapter concludes with yet another landmark contribution of Robert Lucas, namely the ‘Lucas critique’ of activist stabilization policy.

The Price Dynamics of Hand Sanitizers for COVID-19 in Indonesia: Exponential and Cobweb Forms

This study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in handsanitizer prices in Indonesia. This study is motivated by the increasing demand for handsanitizers which has had an impact on price ratings. The method used is an explanatory survey with an exponential form approach for the demand function and Linear Cobweb Form for the supply function. The structure of the hand sanitizer market is assumed to be a perfectly competitive market. The results of the study indicate that despite changes in prices, the numerical analysis shows that prices are stable. The entry and exit of companies in the market does not affect price stability. This finding implies that after the pandemic the prices of handsanitizers will return to normal, so producers and consumers must remain rational.