Gender Stereotypes About Intellectual Ability in Japanese Children

Japan has a large gender gap; thus, this study examined whether Japanese 4- to 7-year-old children exhibit a “brilliance = males” stereotype and whether parental attitudes toward gender roles were related to children’s stereotypes. We also explored whether children exhibit such stereotypes in response to various stimuli. We showed children photo (Study 1) and stick-figure (Study 2) stimuli of men, women, boys, and girls, asking them to attribute traits (smart or nice) to each. Unlike previous studies in the U.S., there were sex differences early in boys’ and girls’ attribution of smart or nice; however, a developmental transition was observed in 7-year-olds. In Study 1, 7-year-old girls were more likely to attribute nice, and 6-year-old boys were more likely to attribute smart, to their own sex, respectively. In Study 2, girls generally attributed nice to their own sex compared to boys, while only 7-year-old boys were more likely to attribute smart to their own sex compared to girls. Parental attitudes toward gender roles were unrelated to children’s gender stereotypes. The results indicated that Japanese children may acquire “brilliance = males” stereotypes later than American children (7-years-old). Further, the results were clearer when children were presented with stick figure stimuli.

Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability in Japanese children

Japan has a large gender gap; thus, this study examined whether Japanese 4- to 7-year-old children exhibit a “brilliance = males” stereotype and whether parental attitudes toward gender roles were related to children’s stereotypes. We also explored whether children exhibit such stereotypes in response to various stimuli. We showed children photo (Study 1) and stick-figure (Study 2) stimuli of men, women, boys, and girls, asking them to attribute traits (smart or nice) to each. Unlike previous studies in the U.S., there were sex differences early in boys’ and girls’ attribution of smart or nice; however, a developmental transition was observed in 7-year-olds. In Study 1, 7-year-old girls were more likely to attribute nice, and 6-year-old boys were more likely to attribute smart, to their own sex, respectively. In Study 2, girls generally attributed nice to their own sex compared to boys, while only 7-year-old boys were more likely to attribute smart to their own sex compared to girls. Parental attitudes toward gender roles were unrelated to children’s gender stereotypes. The results indicated that Japanese children may acquire “brilliance = males” stereotypes later than American children (7-years-old). Further, the results were clearer when children were presented with stick figure stimuli.

PORTRAIT PHOTO STUDY AS COMMUNICATION MEDIA IN A POLITICAL CAMPAIGN

Campaign in principle is a process of individual or group communication activities institutionalized and aims to create a certain impact. Political contestation at this time currently uses various media as mass communication. One of the most widely used media communications in political campaigns is portrait photos. In a portrait photo that is seen is the protrusion of a figure in a picture frame. Portrait photos are widely used in today's political campaign media and appear to be a mandatory element in campaign media. Its almost certain when there are political activities such as general elections, presidential elections and others, campaign media that display portraits of political figures can be found in strategic public places. Usually photos that are selected or set to be communicative and the appearance of the expressions from political figures sparks smiles and laughter to gain sympathy from their constituents. The form of portrait photos in campaign media appears in various mediums such as banners, billboards, pins, stickers, posters, t-shirts, and others. The communication that is built in the portrait photo media is non verbal communication that requires viewers to see visuals or images. This become interesting to study because portrait photos are not enough to only be read as visual that display personal figures but can be seen from a social angle because their presence functions as signs and illustrative elements.

REPRESENTASI PHOTO OF THE YEAR WORLD PRESS PHOTO (WPP) 2005-2016

Abstrak Photo of the Year dari kontes foto World Press Photo (WPP) merupakan penghargaan tahunan yang diberikan Yayasan World Press Photo. Penghargaan tersebut untuk menghormati kreativitas fotografer dalam karya visual dan ketrampilan membuat gambar yang menangkap dan mewakili suatu peristiwa, yang di dalamnya terdapat isu besar atau penting bagi foto jurnalistik. Kajian foto ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana representasi peristiwa yang terdapat pada foto pemenang Photo of the Year World Press Photo 2005-2016. Data-data dikumpulkan dengan metode dokumen dan arsip serta literatur. Foto-foto yang dikaji dipilih melalui purposive sampling yang sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Sarana tambahan yang digunakan untuk memilih foto adalah kial (gerak-gerik) subjek foto yang atraktif atau terdapat “aksi” yang mencolok secara visual. Dari foto terpilih, dianalisis melalui teori representasi dengan menggunakan pendekatan semiotika dari Roland Barthes tentang foto jurnalistik. Dari analisis foto dapat ditemukan jika foto-foto disajikan dengan pengolahan teknik yang kuat dan profesional sehingga kesan visual yang muncul tidak hanya dramatis, tetapi juga ironis. Foto-foto pemenang World Press Photo of the Year tersebut mampu menyajikan moment sesaat, namun menentukan (decicive moment) sehingga konstruksi peristiwa mampu menjelaskan lebih dari tampilan visualnya, juga sarat dengan konteks lingkungan fisik dan sosial. Kata kunci: representasi, Photo of the Year, World Press Photo, jurnalistik Abstract Representation of Photo of The Year from World Press Photo (WPP) 2005-2016.Photo Of the Year from the World Press Photo (WPP) photo contest is an annual award given by the World Press Photo Foundation to honor the creativity of the photographer in the visual work and the skill in creating an image that captures and represents an event containing a big or important issue for photojournalism. This photo study was conducted to find out how the representation of events contained in the winning photo Photo of the Year World Press Photo 2005-2016. The data was collected by document and archive method along literature. Whereas the photos reviewed, be elected through purposive sampling in accordance with the objectives of the study. An additional means applied to select the photo was gesture (movement) showing an attractive photo subject or visually striking "action". The selected photographs were analyzed using theory of representation and semiotics approach from Roland Barthes about photojournalism. From photo analysis, it could be discovered that the photos were presented with a powerful and professional processing technique, so that the visual impression appearing was not only dramatic, but also ironic. Photographs of World Press Photo Of the Year winners were able to present decicive moment, allowing construction of events explaining more of the visual appearance, also loaded with the context of social and physical environment. Keywords: representation, Photo of the Year, World Press Photo, journalistic

Kratak uvod u istoriju antropologije fotografije

The paper represents a short historical overview of key anthropological figures in Anglo-American and French anthropology of photography such are Boas, Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard, Mead and Bateson, Levi-Strauss and (John) Collier till the current visual anthropologists as Banks, Pink, Ruby, Pinney, and Edwards, among many. Furthermore, the major theoretical ideas such are: objectivity and subjectivity of photography, its material, and intangible aspects, its representative potential, ethical issues and reflexive approach are discussed. At the end, several anthropological projects which include photography are mentioned in order to suggest possible research pathways. I will mention few. Pink asserts the importance of ethnographic hypermedia which includes written text, images, video, photographs and sound in order to create interactive scholarly publications. During his ethnographic research of cultural aspect of wine producing in Burgundy, Coover’s work resulted in electronic ethnography and internet photo study of harvest in order to establish a better connection between the viewer-reader and his work. At the beginning unintentionally, Loescher collaborated with children during her visual research of contemporary urban childhood in Manchester by giving them her still camera. As a result, she was able to better understand their worldviews and their lifestyle. Another collaborative work was between Pink and documentary photographer, da Silva, who made a visual documentary project among two fishing communities in England and Portugal. Finally, the paper mentions Edwards’ research on archival research of museum photography which stresses the role of photography in creating and manipulating with the past.

Professional Online Profiles

Online profiles are becoming increasingly important in work contexts from recruiting to termination decisions. The authors conducted two experiments to investigate the effect of profile layout on professional impression formation. Presence or absence of photos had no impact on overall rating or likability, but interacted with profile gender. Male profiles were rated best with photo, female profiles without photo (Study 1, n=264). Placeholders providing only gender cues led to similarly low ratings for male and female profiles (Study 2, n=202). The authors’ findings indicate that visual gender cues have a considerable biasing effect for online impression formation, particularly for women. This study extends our understanding of the gendered nature of professional online settings with implications for HR professionals and organizations as well as users managing their attractiveness on the job markets.