Cross Talk Between Down Regulation of Steroidogenic Genes Expression, Oxidative and Apoptotic Biomarkers in Testes Induced by Administration of Tramadol and Boldenone and Their Combination in Male Albino Rats

BackgroundThe testis is the male reproductive gland or gonad having two vital functions - to produce both sperm and androgens, primarily testosterone.PurposeThe study aimed to investigate the effect of tramadol and boldenone injected alone or in combinatio for 2 months in rats on testicular function.MethodsGroup 1; normal control, Group 2; tramadol Hcl (TRAM) (20 mg/kg bwt.) (i.p). Group 3; boldenone undecylenate (BOLD) (5 mg/kg bwt) (i.m). Group 4; combination of TRAM (20 mg/kg bwt.) and BOLD (5 mg/kg), respectively for 2 months.ResultsTRAM and BOLD alone and in combination rats showed deteriorated testicular functions, lowered serum steroid levels (FSH, LH and testesterone), elevation in oxidative biomarkers (MDA & NO) and reduction in GSH and SOD, downregulation of StaR and HSD17B3 as well as assessment of testicular histopathological using H&E staining, PAS stain for histochemical assessment of polysaccharides and glycoproteins in the testes and Masson trichrome stain to assess the changes in the collagen fibers.ConclusionThe study illuminated the hazard of administration of these drugs for a long period as well as the prominent deleterious effects reported on concurrent use of both drugs.

PSIV-13 Effects of oral administration of vitamin E and selenium on stress indicators and oxidative biomarkers in road- transported pregnant Holstein heifer

We investigated the effects of oral administration of vitamin E and selenium (ESe) on oxidative stress biomarkers in road-transported pregnant heifers. Thirty-six pregnant Holstein heifers (body weight 515 ± 48.3 kg and age 524 ± 42.4 days) were assigned to four treatments: no transportation with no administration of ESe (NTR-NESe, n = 10); no transportation with oral administration of ESe (70 IU DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg of DM and 0.3 mg sodium selenite/kg of DM; NTR-ESe, n = 10); transportation with no administration (TR-NESe, n = 8); transportation with oral administration of ESe (TR-ESe, n = 8). Two trucks (8 heifers/truck) were used for the 200 km transportation. Blood was collected h 1 before, immediately after transportation (h 0), h 6, h 24 and h 48 after transportation. The TR × time and ESe × time effects were observed (P < 0.01) for plasma cortisol concentration, indicating that TR heifers had higher plasma cortisol concentrations than NTR heifers and that ESe-administrated heifers had lower plasma cortisol concentrations than NESe heifers at h 0 after transportation. The TR and ESe effects were observed (P < 0.01) for plasma haptoglobin (Hp) concentration. The TR increased Hp concentration at h 6 and h 24 after transportation, and ESe decreased Hp concentration in the transported heifers. The ESe (P = 0.02) and ESe × time interaction (P < 0.01) effects were observed for plasma total oxidative status (TOS) concentrations. The TR increased plasma TOS concentrations at h 0, and the ESe decreased plasma TOS concentrations in transported heifers. In contrast, the TR decreased (P < 0.05) plasma TAS concentrations at h 6 and h 24 after transportation, and the ESe increased (P < 0.05) plasma TAS concentrations in the transported heifers. These results suggest that transportation induces oxidative stress and the ESe may alleviate oxidative stress in the transported heifers.

Whole Oats Supplementation in a Low Calorie Diet Efficiently Reduces Cardio-Metabolic Disorders in Obese Rats

The hypocaloric diets (HCD) are an approach for controlling weight but can lead to a risk of nutritional deficiency. Whole grain contain bioactive com-pounds with health benefits; their incorporation into HCD can improve their nutritional value due to their richness in soluble fibers and their low glycae-mic index. The effects of incorporating oats in HCD were evaluated on growth parameters, lipid and glycaemic abnormalities, nitric oxide level and redox status in obese rats. Albinos rats were rendered obese after ingestion of a hyperlipidic (HL) diet and were then divided into three homogeneous groups: A first group was submitted for 28 days to a caloric restriction (CR) supplemented with oat (CR–Oat group). The second was fed a CR diet with-out supplementation (CR group) and the third obese group continued to con-sume the HL diet (Ob-HL). A fourth group (T) of normal weight rats is taken as a reference. Body weight, food and energy intake, glycaemia, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulinemia and blood lipids were decreased in obese rats treat-ed with HCD with or without oat compared with Ob-HL. However, glycaemia, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum lipids were more reduced in CR–oat group and its value became similar to that of normoponderal rats. Fur-thermore, oxidative biomarkers in red blood cells, liver and adipose tissue were lowered in groups treated with HC diets, especially in oat diet. Further-more, we noted improved enzymatic antioxidant defense and endothelial dysfunction. Oats, by their functional properties seems to effectively rein-force the anti-obesity effect of the hypocaloric diet.

Molecular and Clinical Insights on the Complex Interaction between Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Endobiota in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis

Endometriosis (EMS) remains, to date, an intriguing and debilitating gynecological disorder that possesses a multifactorial substrate. Recent studies with the objective of elucidating its etiology highlighted the antagonistic effect of EMS on a multiple of processes involved in homeostasis. Although the current oxidative biomarkers clearly reveal the consequences induced by EMS, its implication in the associated inflammatory reactions could be much more complex. Besides the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to an exacerbated oxidative response, it also changes the normal expression of several pro-inflammatory modulators, reflected by the fluctuating activity of several pro- and anti-apoptotic mediators whose expression is impaired. In light of this topic, several studies elucidate the involvement of apoptosis in EMS, being brought controversial findings, even reports with no significant change. Further, some authors reported an abnormal expression of multiple genes that are crucial for the overall functionality of the female reproductive system. Cumulatively, it seems that the subsequent oxidative imbalance and apoptosis process impairment could further disrupt the normal removal of unnecessary biological products. Based on all gathered evidence, we could argue that the related stress state could determine human endobiota impairment, which could further participate in the inflammatory and main antioxidant enzyme changes occurring in EMS. Moreover, a correlation between endobiota integrity, inflammation, and oxidative stress (OS) was suggested in relation to the possible predisposition to pathogen determined infections.

Pharmacological, Biochemical and Molecular Investigations in 6-OHDA Induced Parkinson’s Disease Rats on the Protection Benefits of Mangiferin in Behavioral, Inflammatory and Oxidative Biomarkers

Background: Persistent up regulation of NF-κB leads to chronic inflammation and subsequent microglial activation and takes neurons towards death by activating death receptor domains and the p53 pathway. Thus, inhibition of NF-κB may lead to more effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, we have used mangiferin, specific inhibitor of NF-κB in this study. Method: The study utilized male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 gm (n=8 in each group). Stereotactic surgery of rats was done to induce 6-OHDA lesioning in rats. On day 42, rats were subjected to behavioural studies to evaluate effect of mangiferin and their brains were taken out after euthanasia to perform biochemical and molecular studies. Results: Mangiferin significantly increases locomotor parameters in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. It also decreases activity of Cyclooxygenase enzyme which then leads to decrease concentration of inflammatory cytokines. Microglial inflammation was also substantially reduced by reducing MPO concentration. Oxidative stress burden was also reduced after treatment with mangiferin as indicated by increase in Total Antioxidant Capacity, SOD and Catalase and reduction in concentration of MDA. Treatment with mangiferin also reduces burden of oxidative stress by increasing the activity of NRF2/ARE pathway. Activity of Caspase 3 and 9 was also significantly reduced after treatment with mangiferin. Significant decrease in activity of both Cox1 and Cox 2 was also observed. Maximum improvement in all parameters was observed in rats treated with grouping of mangiferin 45mg.kg-1 and levodopa 10mg.kg-1. Treatment with levodopa alone has no significant effect on biochemical and molecular parameters though it significantly improves behavioural parameters. Conclusion and Implications: Results of this study suggest that mangiferin has protective effect in hemi-parkinsonian rats by inhibiting NF-κB. Current treatment of Parkinson’s disease does not target the underlying problem of the disease. Therefore, combination therapy of mangiferin and levodopa can be helpful in better management of Parkison’s.

Exogenous Phytohormones Modulates Cypermethrin Stress in Anabaena sp. and Nostoc Muscorum: Toxicity Alleviation by Up-regulation of Ascorbate-glutathione Cycle

Present study demonstrated the effect of phytohormones KN and IAA under cypermethrin (Cyp1; 2 µg ml− 1 and Cyp2; 4 µg ml− 1) toxicity in two nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria Nostoc muscorum ATCC 27893 and Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 by investigating growth, exopolysaccharides (EPS) contents, protein content, oxidative stress visualization inside the cell and ascorbate- glutathione cycle. Decline in growth were noticed under both the doses of cypermethrin but the decline was more (30%) at higher dose in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 as compare to N. muscorum. This decrease was due to increased production of oxidative biomarkers (i.e. SOR and H2O2) subsequently membrane got damaged which was noticed by measuring MDA equivalents content (in vivo visualization). Kinetin and IAA alleviated the SOR and H2O2 content resulting in recovery of cellular membrane and the growth was optimized up to control level. Detoxification of H2O2 is guided by enzymes/metabolites of AsA-GSH cycle like ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorabte reductase (DHAR) activity were found to be stimulated at lower dose of cypermethrin as compare to higher dose. while the amount of metabolites: total ascorbate (AsA), total glutathione (GSH) and ratios of reduced/oxidized AsA (AsA/DHA) and GSH (GSH/GSSG) showed significant reduction at both the doses but the reduction was more at higher dose of cypermethrin. Kinetin and IAA positively regulate the AsA-GSH cycle by enhancing the activity of APX, GR, MDHAR and DHAR activity and raising the metabolites content and their reduced/oxidized ratio. This study suggests the increased enzymatic activity and AsA/DHA ratio leads to reduced production of H2O2 in the presence of both the phytohormones which further leads to enhanced growth in both the organism but the effect of KN and IAA was more pronounced in N. muscorum suggesting its resistivity against stress.