On the Quark Scaling Theorem and the Polarisable Dipole of the Quark in a Scalar Field

In this article the possible impact on the present state of particle physics theory is discussed of two unrecognized theoretical elements. These elements are the awareness that (a) the quark is a Dirac particle with a polarisable dipole moment in a scalar field and that (b) Dirac’s wave equation for fermions, if derived from Einstein’s geodesic equation, reveals a scaling theorem for quarks. It is shown that recognition of these elements proves by theory quite some relationships that are up to now only empirically assessed, such as for instance, the mass relationships between the elementary quarks, the relationship between the bare mass and the constituent mass of quarks, the mass spectrum of hadrons and the mass values of the Z boson and the Higgs boson.

A syntactically-driven approach to indefiniteness, specificity and anti-specificity in Romance

In this paper we present an original approach to analyze the compositionality of indefinite expressions in Romance by investigating the relevance of their syntactic distribution in relation to their meaning. This approach has the advantage of allowing us to explore the question of how syntactic structure can determine the meaning of different forms of indefiniteness. To that end, we postulate a common derivation for bare plurals, bare mass and de phrases, whereby an abstract operator de is adjoined to definite determiners and shifts entities into property-type expressions. Quantificational specificity is proposed to be derived from a syntactic structure in which weak quantifiers select for indefinite de-phrases, no matter whether de is overt at Spell-Out or not; these quantifiers turn properties into generalized quantifiers. The anti-specificity meaning of some indefinites is derived by adjoining in the syntactic structure an abstract operator alg that encodes the speaker’s epistemic state of ignorance to a quantifier encoded for specificity, and it turns a generalized quantifier into a modified generalized quantifier. The paper also brings some general predictions on how indefiniteness is expressed in Romance, as it provides extensive support from five Romance languages: Brazilian Portuguese, Catalan, French, Italian and Spanish.

On the Quark Scaling Theorem and the Polarisable Dipole of the Quark in a Scalar Field

In this article the possible impact on the present state of particle physics theory is discussed of two unrecognized theoretical elements. These elements are the awareness that (a) the quark is a Dirac particle with a polarisable dipole moment in a scalar field and that (b) Dirac’s wave equation for fermions, if derived from Einstein’s geodesic equation, reveals a scaling theorem for quarks. It is shown that recognition of these elements proves by theory quite some relationships that are up to now only empirically assessed, such as for instance, the mass relationships between the elementary quarks, the relationship between the bare mass and the constituent mass of quarks, the mass spectrum of hadrons and the mass values of the Z boson and the Higgs boson.

Self-complete and GUP-modified charged and spinning black holes

We explore some implications of our previous proposal, motivated in part by the Generalised Uncertainty Principle (GUP) and the possibility that black holes have quantum mechanical hair that the ADM mass of a system has the form $$M + \beta M_{\mathrm{Pl}}^2/(2M)$$ M + β M Pl 2 / ( 2 M ) , where M is the bare mass, $$M_{\mathrm{Pl}}$$ M Pl is the Planck mass and $$\beta $$ β is a positive constant. This also suggests some connection between black holes and elementary particles and supports the suggestion that gravity is self-complete. We extend our model to charged and rotating black holes, since this is clearly relevant to elementary particles. The standard Reissner–Nordström and Kerr solutions include zero-temperature states, representing the smallest possible black holes, and already exhibit features of the GUP-modified Schwarzschild solution. However, interesting new features arise if the charged and rotating solutions are themselves GUP-modified. In particular, there is an interesting transition below some value of $$\beta $$ β from the GUP solutions (spanning both super-Planckian and sub-Planckian regimes) to separated super-Planckian and sub-Planckian solutions. Equivalently, for a given value of $$\beta $$ β , there is a critical value of the charge and spin above which the solutions bifurcate into sub-Planckian and super-Planckian phases, separated by a mass gap in which no black holes can form.

On the Quark Scaling Theorem and the Polarisable Dipole of the Quark in a Scalar Field

In this article the possible impact on the present state of particle physics theory is discussed of two unrecognized theoretical elements. These elements are the awareness that (a) the quark is a Dirac particle with a polarisable dipole moment in a scalar field and that (b) Dirac’s wave equation for fermions, if derived from Einstein’s geodesic equation, reveals a scaling theorem for quarks. It is shown that recognition of these elements proves by theory quite some relationships that are up to now only empirically assessed, such as for instance, the mass relationships between the elementary quarks, the relationship between the bare mass and the constituent mass of quarks, the mass spectrum of hadrons and the mass values of the Z boson and the Higgs boson.

Super-Yang–Mills theory on a Lorentz breaking background

In this paper, we will analyze a super-Yang–Mills Theory on a Lorentz breaking background. This theory will be analyzed using aether superspace formalism. We will also study the quantum symmetries of this theory. Thus, we will analyze this theory both in linear and nonlinear gauges. We will also study the effects of adding a bare mass term in the Curci–Ferrari gauge.

Phase transition for the system of finite volume in the ϕ4 theory in the Tsallis nonextensive statistics

We studied the effects of nonextensivity on the phase transition for the system of finite volume [Formula: see text] in the [Formula: see text] theory in the Tsallis nonextensive statistics of entropic parameter [Formula: see text] and temperature [Formula: see text], when the deviation from the Boltzmann–Gibbs (BG) statistics, [Formula: see text], is small. We calculated the condensate and the effective mass to the order [Formula: see text] with the normalized [Formula: see text]-expectation value under the free particle approximation with zero bare mass. The following facts were found. The condensate [Formula: see text] divided by [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], at [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] is the value of the condensate at [Formula: see text]) is smaller than that at [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] as a function of [Formula: see text] which is the physical temperature [Formula: see text] divided by [Formula: see text]. The physical temperature [Formula: see text] is related to the variation of the Tsallis entropy and the variation of the internal energies, and [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] coincides with [Formula: see text]. The effective mass decreases, reaches minimum, and increases after that, as [Formula: see text] increases. The effective mass at [Formula: see text] is lighter than the effective mass at [Formula: see text] at low physical temperature and heavier than the effective mass at [Formula: see text] at high physical temperature. The effects of the nonextensivity on the physical quantity as a function of [Formula: see text] become strong as [Formula: see text] increases. The results indicate the significance of the definition of the expectation value, the definition of the physical temperature, and the constraints for the density operator, when the terms including the volume of the system are not negligible.

Past Participle Agreement in Majorcan Catalan: the Relevance of Inner Aspect

This paper aims to explain, from a theoretical point of view, the behaviour of past participle agreement with the object in situ (PPAOIS) in Majorcan Catalan. It is possible in perfect telic dynamic events, but not in Kimian and Davidsonian states —except for certain telic dynamic constructions built with Kiparsky (1998) and Jaque’s (2014) high pure stative verbs—, nor in some atelic dynamic constructions (like those ones with NP objects bounded by a D or Q), although it is perfectly grammatical with bare plurals and with bare mass nouns. In order for PPAOIS to be possible, it is proposed that a specific functional head (Asp, that is to say: Proc[uq][uϕ]), related to so-called inner aspect, must be present in the event structure. Asp establishes a double Agree relation with the object, in order to get its quantisation and [uϕ] features valued. It is also explored the possibility that the [q] feature of Asp be interpretable. If Asp is not present in the structure, the impossibility of PPAOIS follows. Moreover, PPAOIS will be only materialised if a pro object co-referent with the full NP object moves through a LowTop position —similar to the AgrO projection proposed by Kayne (1989).

Mass Renormalization in the Nelson Model

The asymptotic behavior of the effective mass meff(Λ) of the so-called Nelson model in quantum field theory is considered, where Λ is an ultraviolet cutoff parameter of the model. Let m be the bare mass of the model. It is shown that for sufficiently small coupling constant α of the model, meff(Λ)/m can be expanded as meff(Λ)/m=1+∑n=1∞an(Λ)α2n. A physical folklore is that an(Λ)=O(logΛ(n-1)) as Λ→∞. It is rigorously shown that 0<limΛ→∞a1(Λ)<C, C1≤limΛ→∞a2(Λ)/log⁡Λ≤C2 with some constants C, C1, and C2.

Two types of most

The empirical puzzle to be solved is the contrast between partitive and non-partitive most (which respectively take of-DP and NP restrictors, respectively) wrt their compatibility with a collective predicate (or a collectively interpreted mixed predicate) in the nuclear scope. The proposal will rely on the ‘null hypothesis’ regarding the correspondence between syntactic categories and semantic type: DPs and NPs respectively denote entities and sets of entities. Our puzzle will be solved by explaining why set-restrictor quantifiers cannot denote relations between sets of plural entities whereas entity-restrictor quantifiers can denote relations between plural entities. It will also be argued that plural bare NPs in the restrictor of most can be kind-denoting (in addition to being set-denoting) in English. Throughout the paper the main generalizations will be strengthened or refined by taking into account the Romanian counterparts of the relevant dat. Keywords: collective quantification, mass quantification, bare mass NPs, bare plurals, kind-reference