Oxidative NHC catalysis: direct activation of β sp3 carbons of saturated acid chlorides

The first activation of saturated acid chlorides by an oxidative N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst has been utilized to synthesize enantio-enriched spirooxindole lactones and δ-lactones.

Gelatin Grafted Methyl Nadic Anhydride and Substitution With Salbutamol

Gelatin a promising biomaterial which is useful and interesting natural polymer which offer possibilities of chemical modification through grafted copolymerization with an saturated acid anhydride such as methyl nadic anhydride formatted gelatin –g- methyl nadic anhydride copolymer (A1), then modified to its corresponding polymer (A2) by substituted salbutamol as useful derivative as biomaterial .the prepared drug biopolymer was characterization by FTIR spectroscopy and thermal analysis was studied controlled drug release was measured in different buffer solution at 37C0 .

Acid Decapsulation for Silver Wire Bonded Package

Decap methods which have been used for copper wire packages are not effective for silver wire packages, and the authors recognized the need for the development of a novel method. This paper discusses the development of various processes to decap silver wire packages with acid. The first decap method developed for a silver wire package was to add hydrochloric acid to fuming nitric acid. This method proved insufficient to prevent silver wire from dissolving when solution temperature is 60 degree. The authors then developed the Saturation Etch method for decapsulating silver wire packages using a chemical solution. When dissolution amount of silver wire put in normal fuming HNO3 is defined as 100%, the authors were able to achieve its reduction to less than 3% by using saturated acid. This method is also effective for copper wire packages, and damages to wires can be minimized by dissolving copper into acid.

Astragalus Polysaccharide Suppresses Skeletal Muscle Myostatin Expression in Diabetes: Involvement of ROS-ERK and NF-κB Pathways

Objective. The antidiabetes drug astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is capable of increasing insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and improving whole-body glucose homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that skeletal muscle secreted growth factor myostatin plays an important role in regulating insulin signaling and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that regulation of skeletal muscle myostatin expression may be involved in the improvement of insulin sensitivity by APS.Methods. APS was administered to 13-week-old diabetic KKAy and nondiabetic C57BL/6J mice for 8 weeks. Complementary studies examined APS effects on the saturated acid palmitate-induced insulin resistance and myostatin expression in C2C12 cells.Results. APS treatment ameliorated hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance and decreased the elevation of myostatin expression and malondialdehyde production in skeletal muscle of noninsulin-dependent diabetic KKAy mice. In C2C12 cells in vitro, saturated acid palmitate-induced impaired glucose uptake, overproduction of ROS, activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and NF-κB were partially restored by APS treatment. The protective effects of APS were mimicked by ERK and NF-κB inhibitors, respectively.Conclusion. Our study demonstrates elevated myostatin expression in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic KKAy mice and in cultured C2C12 cells exposed to palmitate. APS is capable of improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing myostatin expression in skeletal muscle through downregulating ROS-ERK-NF-κB pathway.

Determination of Fatty Acids in the Subcutaneous Fat of Iberian Breed Swine by near Infrared Spectroscopy. A Comparative Study of the Methods for Obtaining Total Lipids: Solvents and Melting with Microwaves

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used to predict the composition of the fatty acids of samples of subcutateous fat from Iberian breed swine, comparing the two methods employed for collecting total lipids—extraction with solvents and microwave melting—using gas chromatography as a reference method. The regression method used was modified partial least squares. The calibration results for 115 samples of subcutaneous fat extracted with solvents and the calibration measured with NIR permitted the determination of 12 fatty acids: C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C17:0, C17:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20;0 and C20:1, total polyunsaturated, total monosaturated and total saturated acid with squared multiple correlation coefficients of 0.84, 0.70, 0.89, 0.75, 0.62, 0.66, 0.85, 0.91, 0.88, 0.77, 0.85, 0.66, 0.90, 0.89 and 0.92, respectively, and a standard error of calibration ( SEC) for these acids (%) of 0.007, 0.091, 0.48, 0.14, 0.03, 0.03, 0.42, 0.72. 0.31, 0.09, 0.02, 0.15, 0.31, 0.70 and 0.68, respectively. Extraction of total lipids by microwave melting for the same samples and using NIR calibration allowed the determination of six fatty acids: C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, total polyunsaturated, total monounsaturated and total saturated acid, with a squared multiple correlation coefficients ( RSQ) of 0.93, 0.70, 0.88, 0.90, 0.83, 0.63, 0.82, 0.92 and 0.95, respectively, and an SEC for these acids (%) of 0.36, 0.14, 0.44, 0.77, 0.33, 0.08, 0.39, 0.69 and 0.56, respectively. The robustness of the two extraction methods and of the determination was checked by applying them to 20 samples for external validation.

Tailings as a source of environmental pollution

The poorly recultivated tailings at the R. Ore Mines Co. site also contain large amounts of pyrite. Owing to oxidation and acidification processes triggered by oxygen-saturated acid rain, heavy metals are transported by the leachate via the groundwater to surface streams of high buffering capacity where the metals are precipitated within a brief period of time. The recipient Parádi Tarna is contaminated indirectly over the tributary Bikk stream. The solid metal compounds bonded to iron(III) hydroxide settle out over a short distance (a few km) in the bed of the Parádi Tarna. At times of low and medium streamflow the heavy metals impose no restriction on the use of Parádi Tarna water for irrigation. However, flood waves caused by periodic releases of temporarily stored mine drainage water, or by major rains stir up the, metal contaminated bottom sediment and transport it to the lower stream sections. In these periods the Parádi Tarna is unfit for irrigation.