Breeding in the Economically Important Brown Alga Undaria pinnatifida: A Concise Review and Future Prospects

Undaria pinnatifida is the commercially second most important brown alga in the world. Its global annual yield has been more than two million tonnes since 2012. It is extensively cultivated in East Asia, mainly consumed as food but also used as feed for aquacultural animals and raw materials for extraction of chemicals applicable in pharmaceutics and cosmetics. Cultivar breeding, which is conducted on the basis of characteristics of the life history, plays a pivotal role in seaweed farming industry. The common basic life history shared by kelps determines that their cultivar breeding strategies are similar. Cultivar breeding and cultivation methods of U. pinnatifida have usually been learned or directly transferred from those of Saccharina japonica. However, recent studies have revealed certain peculiarity in the life history of U. pinnatifida. In this article, we review the studies relevant to cultivar breeding in this alga, including the peculiar component of the life history, and the genetics, transcriptomics and genomics tools available, as well as the main cultivar breeding methods. Then we discuss the prospects of cultivar breeding based on our understanding of this kelp and what we can learn from the model brown alga and land crops.

History Contra Collective Memory: Collective Memory’s Finite Province

In the humanities and social sciences, with the rise of memory studies, there has been an important theoretical shift in how we engage the past. What used to be studied with the methodically elaborate field of history no longer seems adequate. With memory becoming an ever-present framework with which to look at culture, literature, social phenomena, politics, and the arts, a theoretical conviction has come to prevail that says collective memory is a larger framework within which history and other approaches to the past must be situated. This paper tries to address this theoretical conviction of conflating history with collective memory by arguing that collective memory cannot be a be-all umbrella term encapsulating historical representation or other approaches to the past such as tradition. It does so by uncovering the ground for such a conviction, during which a clearer view of the role of history and the limits of collective memory emerge. The investigation shows that indiscriminate application of the concept of collective memory in every approach dealing with the past makes the concept almost meaningless and betrays its two crucial characters, or limits: that of i) temporal finiteness and ii) fragmentariness. In so doing, it restores the vital role history plays in trying to get at the truth of the past. The article concludes by calling for deeper engagement with foundational conceptual and theoretical issues in collective memory research if it is to establish itself as a longstanding field of inquiry.

Shakespeare's Historiography

<p>This study explores, in a sixteenth century context, the historical thought and consciousness of a selection of Shakespeare's English history plays. Looked at in relation to contemporary historiographical works, it is concluded that the plays in question qualify as a form of dramatic historiography both transitional and progressive in nature. The study, after considering some aspects of Tudor historiography relevant to Shakespeare and his drama in the introductory chapter, goes on in Chapter One to explore Shakespeare's Henry VI sequence. My discussion finds that the interaction of the roles and requirements of both dramatist and historian has two important results: firstly an emerging awareness of the impossibility of presenting the historical "truth"; and secondly an appreciation that the (re)construction of a linear historical narrative (dramatisation), especially when developed from diverse Chronicle accounts, requires the dramatist/historian's critical and historical judgement concerning probability. Also observed in this chapter is the drama's capacity for making character as much a part of history as event. In Chapter Two Shakespeare's Richard III is juxtaposed with its main source, Sir Thomas More's History of King Richard III. These texts provide a springboard for discussion of the tradition of oral history and the problems associated with its use as a source for authoritative historiography, and the apparent resemblance between the historian's and lawyer's pursuit of the "truth". The methods and principles of the courtroom are intimately related to those used by the dramatist/historian. The final chapter couples the anonymous history play Edward III with Shakespeare's most sophisticated history, Henry V. In this chapter I first discuss the growing sixteenth century distinction between poetry (the medium of the history play) and historiography. The history presented in Edward III is interrupted and disrupted by the "poetic" interlude of King Edward's residence at the Countess of Salisbury's castle; I argue that the play (ironically, given its own status as verse drama) privileges "history" at the expense of "poetry". In Henry V, in contrast, there is evidence of a conceptual shift in the use and perception of history. Here, also, is found the full realisation of the ineluctable evasiveness of historical "truth" through the contradictory accounts of the Chorus and the stage action, and the opacity of King Henry.</p>

Shakespeare's Historiography

<p>This study explores, in a sixteenth century context, the historical thought and consciousness of a selection of Shakespeare's English history plays. Looked at in relation to contemporary historiographical works, it is concluded that the plays in question qualify as a form of dramatic historiography both transitional and progressive in nature. The study, after considering some aspects of Tudor historiography relevant to Shakespeare and his drama in the introductory chapter, goes on in Chapter One to explore Shakespeare's Henry VI sequence. My discussion finds that the interaction of the roles and requirements of both dramatist and historian has two important results: firstly an emerging awareness of the impossibility of presenting the historical "truth"; and secondly an appreciation that the (re)construction of a linear historical narrative (dramatisation), especially when developed from diverse Chronicle accounts, requires the dramatist/historian's critical and historical judgement concerning probability. Also observed in this chapter is the drama's capacity for making character as much a part of history as event. In Chapter Two Shakespeare's Richard III is juxtaposed with its main source, Sir Thomas More's History of King Richard III. These texts provide a springboard for discussion of the tradition of oral history and the problems associated with its use as a source for authoritative historiography, and the apparent resemblance between the historian's and lawyer's pursuit of the "truth". The methods and principles of the courtroom are intimately related to those used by the dramatist/historian. The final chapter couples the anonymous history play Edward III with Shakespeare's most sophisticated history, Henry V. In this chapter I first discuss the growing sixteenth century distinction between poetry (the medium of the history play) and historiography. The history presented in Edward III is interrupted and disrupted by the "poetic" interlude of King Edward's residence at the Countess of Salisbury's castle; I argue that the play (ironically, given its own status as verse drama) privileges "history" at the expense of "poetry". In Henry V, in contrast, there is evidence of a conceptual shift in the use and perception of history. Here, also, is found the full realisation of the ineluctable evasiveness of historical "truth" through the contradictory accounts of the Chorus and the stage action, and the opacity of King Henry.</p>

Differential Impact on Economic Development

Why are some countries wealthier than others? There are numerous ways to address this question; however, there is substantial literature in development economics suggesting that a nation’s colonial history plays an integral part in pre-determining who is rich, and who is poor. Previous studies suggest that among former African colonies, British or French colonies experienced marginally faster growth rates than Portuguese, Belgian, or Italian ones. This provides additional insight to suggest that differentiation in economic growth could be explained by a nation’s colonial history. This study attempts to understand the differential impacts of British and French colonialism on the economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. By investigating the different approaches to colonizing, is it possible that one of these previous imperial powers better equipped their colonies with formidable institutions conducive for economic growth after independence?

A Model of Cloud Forensic Application With Assurance of Cloud Log

The key concepts of digital forensic investigation in cloud computing are examination and investigation. Cybercriminals target cloud-based web applications due to presence of vulnerabilities. Forensic investigation is a complex process, where a set of activities are involved. The cloud log history plays an important role in the investigation and evidence collection. The existing model in cloud log information requires more security. The proposed model used for forensic application with the assurance of cloud log that helps the digital and cloud forensic investigators for collecting forensic scientific evidences. The cloud preservation and cloud log data encryption method is implemented in java. The real-time dataset, network dataset results tell that attacks with the highest attack type are generic type, and a case conducted chat log will predict the attacks in advance by keywork antology learning process, NLP, and AI techniques.

The thermalization of massive galaxy clusters

ABSTRACT In the hierarchical scenario of structure formation, galaxy clusters are the ultimate virialized products in mass and time. Hot baryons in the intracluster medium (ICM) and cold baryons in galaxies inhabit a dark matter dominated halo. Internal processes, accretion, and mergers can perturb the equilibrium, which is established only at later times. However, the cosmic time when thermalization is effective is still to be assessed. Here, we show that massive clusters in the observed universe attained an advanced thermal equilibrium ∼1.8 Gyr ago, at redshift z = 0.14 ± 0.06, when the universe was 11.7 ± 0.7 Gyr old. Hot gas is mostly thermalized after the time when cosmic densities of matter and dark energy match. We find in a statistically nearly complete and homogeneous sample of 120 clusters from the Planck Early Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (ESZ) sample that the kinetic energy traced by the galaxy velocity dispersion is a faithful probe of the gravitational energy since a look back time of at least ∼5.4 Gyr, whereas the efficiency of hot gas in converting kinetic to thermal energy, as measured through X-ray observations in the core-excised area within r500, steadily increases with time. The evolution is detected at the ∼98 per cent probability level. Our results demonstrate that halo mass accretion history plays a larger role for cluster thermal equilibrium than radiative physics. The evolution of hot gas is strictly connected to the cosmic structure formation.

Erythrodermic Manifestation due to Hyperinfestation of Scabies

Background: Scabies is a highly contagious skin disease with various skin clinical presentations. In consideration of its clinical presentations, proper early-onset diagnosis of scabies may not be met, leading to mistreatment and more severe scabies, Norwegian (crusted) scabies. Purpose: To report a case of Norwegian scabies misdiagnosed as eczema in a previously immunocompetent patient. Case: A 32-year-old man was admitted with generalized erythematous skin rash, pruritic, and hyperkeratotic scales of the body. He was previously diagnosed with eczema two months ago and was prescribed both topical and systemic steroid. Skin scales worsened and kept expanding after the treatment. There was a family history of nocturnal itch. Dermoscopic and microscopic examination from skin lesion and scraping with potassium hydroxide revealed the signs of scabies infection. Discussion: Norwegian scabies could be prevented by the correct diagnosis at the early-onset of the disease. Misdiagnosis due to various skin clinical presentations, leading to mistreatment of the infection. In this case, family history plays a role that could elucidate the presence of scabies infection. Conclusion: A correct diagnosis and treatment for the early-phase scabies-infected patient will be beneficial for the patient to prevent hyperinfestation of scabies mites. Specific examination for scabies decreases the possibility of misdiagnosis.