Unified Phase Field Theory Based on the Interaction of Positive and Negative Magnetic poles and Analysis of ATLAS, CMS Experiment at the LHC

This article assumes that the elementary particle is a magnetic pole field formed by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and believes that gravity, electromagnetic forces, strong forces and weak forces are all produced by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles. The collision of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a strong force, the decay of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a weak force, the cohesive force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field (the gravitational field) to its magnetic pole is gravity, and the spin force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field in the external field (the gravitational field) is the electromagnetic force. This article discusses a high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment based on the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and reveals the production mechanism of protonium, tauium, muonium, positronium, three generations of leptons and neutrinos, and the final state. This article explains the unification of the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force and gravity with unified phase field theory and tests this theory by the ATLAS and CMS experimental data at the LHC. The data of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC are completely consistent with the calculated data of the phase field curvature tensor equation. Differential geometric variables are covariant with physical variables. The Lagrangian function of Einstein's mass-energy equation, the Lagrangian function of the Schrodinger particle differential motion wave function based on the theory of relativity, the Lagrangian density of the Young-Mills gauge field equation, and the high-energy elementary particle phase difference momentum-energy tensor of the curvature tensor equation are completely consistent in the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment. These results fully prove that the unified phase field theory is more in line with the physical reality of the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment.

Unified Phase Field Theory Based on the Interaction of Positive and Negative Magnetic poles and Analysis of ATLAS, CMS Experiment at the LHC

This article assumes that the elementary particle is a magnetic pole field formed by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and believes that gravity, electromagnetic forces, strong forces and weak forces are all produced by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles. The collision of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a strong force, the decay of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a weak force, the cohesive force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field (the gravitational field) to its magnetic pole is gravity, and the spin force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field in the external field (the gravitational field) is the electromagnetic force. This article discusses a high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment based on the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and reveals the production mechanism of protonium, tauium, muonium, positronium, three generations of leptons and neutrinos, and the final state. This article explains the unification of the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force and gravity with unified phase field theory and tests this theory by the ATLAS and CMS experimental data at the LHC. The data of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC are completely consistent with the calculated data of the phase field curvature tensor equation. Differential geometric variables are covariant with physical variables. The Lagrangian function of Einstein's mass-energy equation, the Lagrangian function of the Schrodinger particle differential motion wave function based on the theory of relativity, the Lagrangian density of the Young-Mills gauge field equation, and the high-energy elementary particle phase difference momentum-energy tensor of the curvature tensor equation are completely consistent in the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment. These results fully prove that the unified phase field theory is more in line with the physical reality of the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment.

Unified Phase Field Theory Based on the Interaction of Positive and Negative Magnetic poles and Analysis of ATLAS, CMS Experiment at the LHC

This article assumes that the elementary particle is a magnetic pole field formed by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and believes that gravity, electromagnetic forces, strong forces and weak forces are all produced by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles. The collision of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a strong force, the decay of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a weak force, the cohesive force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field (the gravitational field) to its magnetic pole is gravity, and the spin force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field in the external field (the gravitational field) is the electromagnetic force. This article discusses a high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment based on the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and reveals the production mechanism of protonium, tauium, muonium, positronium, three generations of leptons and neutrinos, and the final state. This article explains the unification of the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force and gravity with unified phase field theory and tests this theory by the ATLAS and CMS experimental data at the LHC. The data of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC are completely consistent with the calculated data of the phase field curvature tensor equation. Differential geometric variables are covariant with physical variables. The Lagrangian function of Einstein's mass-energy equation, the Lagrangian function of the Schrodinger particle differential motion wave function based on the theory of relativity, the Lagrangian density of the Young-Mills gauge field equation, and the planet phase difference momentum-energy tensor of the curvature tensor equation are completely consistent in the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment. These results fully prove that the unified phase field theory is more in line with the physical reality of the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment.

Unified Phase Field Theory Based on the Interaction of Positive and Negative Magnetic poles and Analysis of ATLAS, CMS Experiment at the LHC

This article assumes that the elementary particle is a magnetic poles field formed by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic pole, believes that the gravity, the electromagnetic force, the strong force and the weak force are all produced by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic pole. The collision of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a strong force, and the decay of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a weak force, the cohesive force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field (the gravitational field) to its magnetic pole is the gravity, and the spin force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field in the external field (the gravitational field) is the electromagnetic force. This article discuss the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment based on the interaction of positive and negative magnetic pole, reveals the production mechanism of the protonium, tauium, muonium, positronium, three generation of leptons and neutrinos, and final state. This article explains unify of the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force and gravity with unified phase field theory, and tested with the data of ATLAS and CMS experiment at the LHC. The data of ATLAS and CMS experiment at the LHC is completely consistent with the calculated data of the phase field curvature tensor equation; Differential geometric variables are covariant with physical variables; The Lagrangian function of Einstein's mass-energy equation, the Lagrangian function of Schrodinger particle differential motion wave function based on the theory of relativity, the Lagrangian density of Young-Mills gauge field equation, and the planets phase difference momentum-energy tensor of the curvature tensor equation is completely consistent in the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment. These fully prove that the unified phase field theory is more in line with the physical reality of the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment.

Biological Impact of Target Fragments on Proton Treatment Plans: An Analysis Based on the Current Cross-Section Data and a Full Mixed Field Approach

Clinical routine in proton therapy currently neglects the radiobiological impact of nuclear target fragments generated by proton beams. This is partially due to the difficult characterization of the irradiation field. The detection of low energetic fragments, secondary protons and fragments, is in fact challenging due to their very short range. However, considering their low residual energy and therefore high LET, the possible contribution of such heavy particles to the overall biological effect could be not negligible. In this context, we performed a systematic analysis aimed at an explicit assessment of the RBE (relative biological effectiveness, i.e., the ratio of photon to proton physical dose needed to achieve the same biological effect) contribution of target fragments in the biological dose calculations of proton fields. The TOPAS Monte Carlo code has been used to characterize the radiation field, i.e., for the scoring of primary protons and fragments in an exemplary water target. TRiP98, in combination with LEM IV RBE tables, was then employed to evaluate the RBE with a mixed field approach accounting for fragments’ contributions. The results were compared with that obtained by considering only primary protons for the pristine beam and spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) irradiations, in order to estimate the relative weight of target fragments to the overall RBE. A sensitivity analysis of the secondary particles production cross-sections to the biological dose has been also carried out in this study. Finally, our modeling approach was applied to the analysis of a selection of cell survival and RBE data extracted from published in vitro studies. Our results indicate that, for high energy proton beams, the main contribution to the biological effect due to the secondary particles can be attributed to secondary protons, while the contribution of heavier fragments is mainly due to helium. The impact of target fragments on the biological dose is maximized in the entrance channels and for small α/β values. When applied to the description of survival data, model predictions including all fragments allowed better agreement to experimental data at high energies, while a minor effect was observed in the peak region. An improved description was also obtained when including the fragments’ contribution to describe RBE data. Overall, this analysis indicates that a minor contribution can be expected to the overall RBE resulting from target fragments. However, considering the fragmentation effects can improve the agreement with experimental data for high energy proton beams.

Evaluating Ocular Response in the Retina and Optic Nerve Head after Single and Fractionated High-Energy Protons

There are serious concerns about possible late radiation damage to ocular tissue from prolonged space radiation exposure, and occupational and medical procedures. This study aimed to investigate the effects of whole-body high-energy proton exposure at a single dose on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and blood-retina barrier (BRB) integrity in the retina and optic nerve head (ONH) region and to compare these radiation-induced effects with those produced by fractionated dose. Six-month-old C57BL/6 male mice were either sham irradiated or received whole-body high energy proton irradiation at an acute single dose of 0.5 Gy or 12 equal dose fractions for a total dose of 0.5 Gy over twenty-five days. At four months following irradiation, mice were euthanized and ocular tissues were collected for histochemical analysis. Significant increases in the number of apoptotic cells were documented in the mouse retinas and ONHs that received proton radiation with a single or fractionated dose (p < 0.05). Immunochemical analysis revealed enhanced immunoreactivity for oxidative biomarker, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the retina and ONH following single or fractionated protons with more pronounced changes observed with a single dose of 0.5 Gy. BRB integrity was also evaluated with biomarkers of aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), a water channel protein, a tight junction (TJ) protein, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and an adhesion molecule, the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1). A significantly increased expression of AQP-4 was observed in the retina following a single dose exposure compared to controls. There was also a significant increase in the expression of PECAM-1 and a decrease in the expression of ZO-1 in the retina. These changes give a strong indication of disturbance to BRB integrity in the retina. Interestingly, there was very limited immunoreactivity of AQP-4 and ZO-1 seen in the ONH region, pointing to possible lack of BRB properties as previously reported. Our data demonstrated that exposure to proton radiation of 0.5 Gy induced oxidative stress-associated apoptosis in the retina and ONH, and changes in BRB integrity in the retina. Our study also revealed the differences in BRB biomarker distribution between these two regions. In response to radiation insults, the cellular response in the retina and ONH may be differentially regulated in acute or hyperfractionated dose schedules.

First saturation correction in high energy proton-nucleus collisions. Part I. Time evolution of classical Yang-Mills fields beyond leading order

In high energy proton-nucleus collisions, the single- and double-inclusive soft gluon productions at the leading order have been calculated and phenomenologically studied in various approaches for many years. These studies do not take into account the saturation and multiple rescatterings in the field of the proton. The first saturation correction to these leading order results (the terms that are enhanced by the combination $$ {\alpha}_s^2{\mu}^2 $$ α s 2 μ 2 , where μ2 is the proton’s color charge squared per unit transverse area) has not been completely derived despite recent attempts using a diagrammatic approach. This paper is the first in a series of papers towards analytically completing the first saturation correction to physical observables in high energy proton-nucleus collisions. Our approach is to analytically solve the classical Yang-Mills equations in the dilute-dense regime using the Color Glass Condensate effective theory and compute physical observables constructed from classical gluon fields. In the current paper, the Yang-Mills equations are solved perturbatively in the field of the dilute object (the proton). Next-to-leading order and next-to-next-to-leading order analytic solutions are explicitly constructed. A systematic way to obtain all higher order analytic solutions is outlined.