Viral reservoir capacity of wild Prunus alternative hosts of plum pox virus through multiple cycles of transmission and dormancy

Plum pox virus (PPV) is a significant pathogen of Prunus worldwide and is known for having a broad experimental host range. Many of these hosts represent epidemiological risks as potential wild viral reservoirs. A comparative study of the PPV reservoir capacity of three commonly found native North American species, western choke cherry (P. virginiana var. demissa), black cherry (P. serotina), and American plum (P. americana) was conducted. Pennsylvania isolates of PPV-D were transmitted from the original host peach (P. persica cv. GF305) to all three species. Viral accumulation and transmission rates to alternative hosts and peach were monitored over the course of five vegetative growth and cold induced dormancy (CID) cycles. The three alternative host species demonstrated differences in their ability to maintain PPV-D and the likelihood of transmission to additional alternative hosts or back transmission to peach. Western choke cherry had low (5.8%) initial infection levels, PPV-D was not transmissible to additional western choke cherry, and transmission of PPV-D from western choke cherry to peach was only possible before the first CID cycle. Black cherry had intermediate initial infection levels (26.6%) but did not maintain high infection levels after repeated CID cycles. Conversely, American plum had a high level (50%) of initial infection that was not significantly different from initial infection in peach (72.2%) and maintained moderate levels (15-25%) of infection and PPV-D transmission to both American plum and peach through all five cycles of CID. Our results indicate that American plum has the greatest potential to act as a reservoir host for Pennsylvania isolates of PPV-D.

ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN DAN KETERSEDIAAN AIR BERSIH DI WILAYAH KECAMATAN TIGO NAGARI KABUPATEN PASAMAN

Clean water is one of the basic needs in supporting human life, as an area that is developing and experiencing regional expansion, Tigo Nagari District needs more and more water along with its development, especially clean water. With the increase in the infrastructure of Tigo Nagari District, it is certain that for the next few years, Tigo Nagari District will need even more clean water. In this study, an analysis of the need and availability of clean water was carried out in the Tigo Nagari District, Pasaman Regency. The analysis was carried out in the Tigo Nagari sub-district, which originates from the Batang Malandu river. In addition, this research will also evaluate the reservoir and distribution network in order to determine the current reservoir capacity and distribution network capability. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the total need for clean water in the Tigo Nagari District area in 2030 was 47.40 l / second, compared to the available discharge, the water source of the Batang Malandu river was still able to meet the needs of the population until 2030. evaluation results show that the reservoir capacity is still able to accommodate clean water needs.

ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL RESERVOIR CAPACITY AT THE MUTIARA PURI HARMONI 2 CIKARANG

<p>Cikarang is one of the areas in the administrative city of Bekasi Regency, which has several flood-prone areas. Every year, several areas of Cikarang often experience flooding, including the North Cikarang area. Precisely in Karanganyar Village, Karang Bahagia Subdistrict, where most of the land has been converted from rice fields to densely populated housing. Over time, Karang Bahagia Subdistrict became familiar with floods and puddles. Mutiara Puri Harmoni 2 Housing is one of the densely populated residential areas in the Karang Bahagia District. From the observation of the drainage system made by Mutiara Puri Harmoni 2 Housing, there is a lot of sedimentation and some of the sections have a lot of narrowing due to increased development in the housing area. For the drainage before it is drained into the nearest river, namely the Gemboro river, the Mutiara Puri Harmoni 2 housing drainage system creates a reservoir as a storage. By analyzing the reservoir section using the rainfall distribution method and the Log Pearson III method, the resulting 2-year rainfall intensity is 74.374 mm/hour with the resulting discharge of 3.339 m3/second. From the calculation results, the reservoir storage is 6057.216 m3/second with a cross section of 62.4 mx 55.62m. Taking into account the reservoir water balance using 17 years of rainfall data, the maximum discharge in February is 18323m3 and the lowest discharge is in August of 3038m3. Therefore, the results of the capacity analysis needed to avoid flooding are to deepen and expand the reservoir and/or add a pump so that the concentration time is not too long.</p>

Interactions between hydrological changes and geomorphological responses in the Yellow River basin from the perspective of basin system integrity

&lt;p&gt;Water and sediment are the main transport materials transported by rivers to the ocean, playing a crucial role in the evolution of river-delta-estuary-coast topography. Strong anthropogenic activities and climate change have led to distinct hydrological changes and geomorphological responses in river systems worldwide. However, previous studies usually considered the changes of streamflow and sediment load and the evolution of river channel and delta separately, and the understanding of the interactions between hydrological changes and geomorphological responses from the perspective of basin system integrity remains limited. In this study, using the Mann-Kendall trend test, normalized anomalies analyses and sediment budget analyses, the basin-wide streamflow and sediment load changes stretching from the headwater to the delta in the Yellow River basin (YRB) during 1956-2019 were examined, and the coupling relationships of water-sediment variations with channel erosion and delta evolution across the basin were explored. The results indicate that the streamflow and sediment load in the YRB decreased significantly over the past six decades except the headwater, and the decrease rate increased along the downstream continuum with the whole basin. However, the streamflow increased significantly and the sediment load tended to be gradually stabilizing since 2000. The reduction of sediment load mainly occurred in the middle-lower river downstream. The sediment yield coefficient in the middle reach decreased linearly with the reservoir capacity and exponentially with the vegetation coverage and number of check dams (p &lt; 0.01), and the sediment reduction rate increased exponentially with the increase of terraces proportion, and gradually approached the limit value of 96.20% (p &lt; 0.01). The ratio of sediment load at the outlet of the upper reach over that exporting from the middle reach was stable before 2000, but it increased and fluctuated sharply after 2000 as a result of ecological restoration campaign in the middle reach. The sediment load at the outlet of the middle basin was about 1.99 times of that transporting to the ocean before 2002, but their ratio decreased to be 0.69 after 2002 due to the operation of water-sediment regulation project. The construction of reservoirs gradually reduced the erosion in the headwater to near zero, and the river sediment deposition in the middle reach increased linearly with the reservoir capacity, whereas the sediment deposition in the lower reach depended on the sediment concentration exporting from the middle reach. The decreasing sediment supply also resulted in the gradual erosion of delta land since 2000 with combination of tidal waves. This study provides a synthesis of the relationships among water, sediment, channel and delta from the entire river system in the YRB, and it can shed light on integrated basin management adapting to anthropogenic activities and climate change.&lt;/p&gt;

Comprehensive Assessment for the Potential Environmental Impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Downstream Countries: Itaipu Dam in the Rearview Mirror

This article provides a comparative environmental assessment for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) learning from Itaipu dam experience. The article gives a full insight about the potential political and technical concerns that may affect the downstream countries as a result of the construction of GERD and proposed a solution and way forward for the negotiation based on joint collaboration perspective. Based on the analytical comparison conducted between GERD and Itaipu, the results showed that the total annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions expected to be released from the GERD during the operation is 3,927 tCO2eq, while other secondary emissions were estimated to be 16.17 tons, mainly of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Also, the ratio of power generation to reservoir capacity of the GERD was questionable, since Ethiopia has announced that the dam is built only for power generation and that there is no intention to utilize water from the dam reservoir. On the other side, the water quality - represented in turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) - behind the GERD is expected to deteriorate dramatically. Also, an increase in total nitrogen (TN) is expected to occur depending on human activities. Accordingly, the article discussed thoughtfully the potential adverse impacts of the GERD on downstream countries and the possible mitigation options. The article also extended to discuss proposals for practical solutions that pave the road for joint collaboration between the three countries to achieve a transparent resolution and a fair resources utilization.

Mathematical model and influence factor analysis for productivity prediction of fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir when drilling into cavern reservoir

The seam hole type carbonate didn't touch type drill in the cave reservoir oil and gas resources is rich, but due to the large difference of unused reservoir capacity, capacity of main control factors and the evaluation model is not clear, so the reservoir is difficult to reasonable and effective development, in order to improve the cave reservoir development effect, find the factors influencing the cave reservoir capacity of the master,This article through to carry out the cave type carbonate reservoir capacity model test, the cave reservoir productivity prediction model is set up and analyze the factors affecting capacity, studies have shown that the wellbore storage coefficient and skin factor of cave type carbonate reservoir had a greater influence on the vertical well productivity, this paper research content for the cave type of carbonate reservoir reserves producing has a certain guiding significance.