Molecular biomarker responses in the freshwater mussel Anodonta anatina exposed to an industrial wastewater effluent

Using a selection of molecular biomarkers, we evaluated responses in freshwater mussels (Anodonta anatina) exposed to effluent from an industrial wastewater treatment facility. The aims of this work were to (1) assess biomarkers of general toxicity under sublethal exposure to an anthropogenic mixture of chemicals, represented by an arbitrary effluent, and (2) evaluate the potential of A. anatina as a bioindicator of pollution. Adult mussels (n = in total 32; 24 males and 8 females) were exposed (96 h) in the laboratory to a fixed dilution of effluent or to a control treatment of standardized freshwater. Metal concentrations were in general higher in the effluent, by an order of magnitude or more, compared to the control. Toxic unit estimates were used as proxies of chemical stress, and Cu, Ni, and Zn were identified as potential major contributors (Cu> Ni > Zn). Six transcriptional (cat, gst, hsp70, hsp90, mt, sod) and two biochemical (AChE, GST) biomarkers were analyzed in two tissues, gills, and digestive glands. Out of the 16 responses (eight biomarkers × two tissues), 14 effect sizes were small (within ± 28 % of control) and differences non-significant (p > 0.05). Results did however show that (1) AChE activity increased by 40% in gills of exposed mussels compared to control, (2) hsp90 expression was 100% higher in exposed female gills compared to control, and (3) three marker signals (AChE in both tissues, and hsp70 in gills) differed between sexes, independent of treatment. Results highlight a need for further investigation of molecular biomarker variability and robustness in A. anatina.

A Case Report of Chronic Stress in Honey Bee Colonies Induced by Pathogens and Acaricide Residues

In this case report, we analyze the possible causes of the poor health status of a professional Apis mellifera iberiensis apiary located in Gajanejos (Guadalajara, Spain). Several factors that potentially favor colony collapse were identified, including Nosema ceranae infection, alone or in combination with other factors (e.g., BQCV and DWV infection), and the accumulation of acaricides commonly used to control Varroa destructor in the beebread (coumaphos and tau-fluvalinate). Based on the levels of residues, the average toxic unit estimated for the apiary suggests a possible increase in vulnerability to infection by N. ceranae due to the presence of high levels of acaricides and the unusual climatic conditions of the year of the collapse event. These data highlight the importance of evaluating these factors in future monitoring programs, as well as the need to adopt adequate preventive measures as part of national and international welfare programs aimed at guaranteeing the health and fitness of bees.

A Case Report of Chronic Stress in Honey Bee Colonies Induced by Pathogens and Acaricide Residues

In this Case Report we analyze the possible causes of the poor health status of a professional Apis mellifera iberiensis apiary located in Gajanejos (Guadalajara, Spain). Several factors that potentially favor colony collapse were identified, including Nosema ceranae infection, alone or in combination with other factors (eg, BQCV and DWV infection), and the accumulation of acaricides commonly used to control Varroa destructor in the beebread (coumaphos and tau-fluvalinate). Based on the levels of residues, the average toxic unit estimated for the apiary, suggests a possible increase in vulnerability to infection by N. ceranae due to the presence of high levels of acaricides. These data highlight the importance of evaluating these factors in future monitoring programs, as well as the need to adopt adequate preventive measures as part of national and international welfare programs aimed at guaranteeing the health and fitness of bees.

Pengujian Toksisitas Lindi Instalasi Pengolahan Lindi TPA Piyungan pada Daphnia sp. dengan Whole Effluent Toxicity

Lindi adalah rembesan yang melalui tumpukan sampah hasil endapan yang berada di bawah landfill yang terakumulasi yang terdiri dari bahan organik dan anorganik. Lindi hasil pengolahan IPL TPA Piyungan masih memiliki potensi pencemaran lindi menjadi permasalahan yang masih memiliki nilai toksisitas yang tinggi. Perlu adanya pengukuran toksisitas untuk mengetahui pengaruh pencemaran lindi terhadap lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) melakukan analisis efektivitas hasil pengolahan lindi di IPL TPA Piyungan, dan (2) melakukan pengujian toksisitas akut dengan WET (Whole Effluent Toxicity) menggunakan Daphnia sp. pada pengolahan lindi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yakni melakukan uji laboratorium pada parameter pengolahan lindi yang disesuaikan dengan permen LHK No. 59 tahun 2016 untuk pengukuran efektivitas pengolahan lindi, uji LC50 untuk mengetahui tingkat tokisitas akut pada influen dan efluen pengolahan lindi. proses pengolahan lindi TPA Piyungan terdiri dari Kolam Sedimentasi, Aerasi, dan Desinfeksi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) Efektivitas pengolahan lindi TPA Piyungan pada parameter berturut-turut TSS 56 %; BOD 82 %; COD 0 %; TN 41,67%; dan Hg 14 %. Hasil efektivitas pengolahan lindi tersebut tidak mempengaruhi peningkatan perbaikan kualitas lindi yang disesuaikan Peraturan Menteri LHK No 59/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/7/2016 masih melebihi baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan kecuali parameter BOD, (2) Toksisitas lindi TPA Piyungan dikategorikan Very High Acute Toxicity pada influen dan High Acute Toxicity efluen IPL Piyungan. Kematian 50% populasi daphnia untuk contoh uji influen IPL Piyungan sebesar 0,482% dengan Toxic Unit acute (TUa) sebesar 203,33. Contoh uji efluen IPL Piyungan sebesar 2,752% dengan Toxic Unit acute (TUa) sebesar 36,33.

Effects of Some Pesticides on Tilapia nilotica and Daphnia magna Life

Application of pesticides creates hazards to the aquatic organisms. This study aimed to determined influence of bromacil, thiabendazole, malathion and mixtures of it on Tilapia nilotica (fish) and D magna. Effects included determination of mortality rate, losing sensation and behavior change (jump attempts) of fish and mortality rate for D. magna using concentration range from 0-6 mg/l. Normal growth of fish and D. Magana was observed under suitable laboratory conditions. The most toxic compound to D. magna was malathion, has an EC50 (Effective concentration that affect 50% of experimental animal) value of 0.43 (mg/l) compared to that of bromacil 0.59 (mg/l). Mixture of bromacil and malathion was less toxic than separately and have larger EC50 value 0.64 in toxic unit (TU) indicating potential antagonistic effect. Moreover, thiabendazole was more effective to fish than malathion. Relative toxicity (RT) indicates that thiabendazole has a lower value (0.276) than malathion indicating higher toxicity of thiabendazole. Furthermore, fish and D. magna were sensitive to low concentrations. These data indicate potent threats to aquatic organisms.

Toxicity Analysis of Effluent of Leachate Treatment Facility of Piyungan Landfill Using Cyprinus carpio

Following regulation, Leachate Treatment Facility (LTF) wasbuilt in Piyungan landfill to reduce its negative impact to the environment. The effluent from this LTF is regularly monitored to check its compliancewith government standard. However, the standard does not fully addressthe effect of combined components in a particular wastewater on livingorganism. Hence, it is necessary to conduct toxicity test to fill this gap. This study was aimed to analyze the acute toxicity status of leachate preand post-treatment from leachate treatment facility of Piyungan Landfill. The method used for the test is Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) by usingCyprinus carpio as test organism. Acute toxicity test was performed bynon-renewal static method for 96 hours. The result showed that LC50 ofCyprinus carpio are 1,633% and 8,740% for influent and effluent of LTFrespectively. The LTF has reduced the Toxic Unit acute (TUa) ofpretreated leachate with 61,246 in the influent to be 11,442 in the effluent. However, even in the effluent, the leachate is still classified as High AcuteToxicity. It is recommended to improve the performance of LTF to furtherreduce leachate toxicity level to be No Acute Toxicity.

Evaluation of Baffle Fixes Film up Flow Sludge Blanket Filtration (BFUSBF) System in Treatment of Wastewaters from Phenol and 2,4-Dinitrophenol Using Daphnia Magna Bioassay

Background: Phenol and nitrophenol are common compounds found in different types of industrial wastewater known as serious threats to human health and natural environment. In this study, Daphnia magna was used to evaluate the effectiveness of "baffle fixes film up flow sludge blanket filtration" (BFUSBF) system in elimination of phenolic compounds from water. Methods: D. magna cultures were used as toxicity index of phenol and 2,4-DNP mixtures after treatment by a pilot BFUSBF system which consisted of baffle in anoxic section and biofilm in aerobic sections. Initial concentrations were 312 mg/L phenol and 288 mg/L 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). Results: Bioassay tests showed that D. magna was influenced by the toxicity of phenol and 2,4 DNP mixtures. The comparison between the toxicity of initial phenol and 2,4-DNP mixtures and the output toxic unit (TU) derived from BFUSBF treatment system showed that the TU of the effluent from BFUSBF reactor was much lower than that of the solution that entered the reactor. Conclusion: Based on the acute toxicity test, BFUSBF process could reduce phenol and 2,4-DNP in aqueous solutions. Therefore, it is possible to use BFUSBF process as an appropriate treatment option for wastewaters containing phenolic compounds.