Iranian Jornal of Toxicology
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Published By Armenian Green Publishing Co.

2251-9459, 2008-2967

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Priyanka Bist ◽  
◽  
Sangeeta Choudhary ◽  

Background: Heavy metal containing wastes reaches to the food chain either directly or indirectly. These ingested toxic elements manifest direct impact on the gut ecosystem and its overall functioning. The present study explores the alteration in mice gut bacteria on exposure to mixture of toxic heavy metals through drinking water. Methods: Twelve experimental groups of Swiss albino male and female mice were exposed to the metal mixture of varying concentrations. Profiling of gut bacterial flora was done by periodical collection of fecal samples via culture-based technique. Redox status of all experimental animals was analyzed in blood samples collected on the day 30. Results: In comparison to the controls, nearly a 10-fold decline in colony forming units/ml was observed at higher modal concentrations (50× & 100×) at the end of 15 days, but 100-fold reduced bacterial count was recorded following 30 days of dosing. Sex specific significant alteration in the bacteria count and diversity was also observed. Overall experimental results showed a heavy metal dose-dependent decline in bacterial count and loss in diversity. Disturbance in the oxidative stress markers was recorded in response to high dose of metal mixture. In group receiving 100× dose, malondialdehyde levels were increased in the erythrocytes (P<0.05), and all of the other antioxidant parameters were decreased (P<0.05), except for reduced glutathione in both male and female mice. Conclusion: The present work is the first report on the multiple heavy metals induced gut microbiota alterations and its correlation to oxidative stress.


2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Abba Aji Manu ◽  
◽  
Bello Muhammad Musa ◽  
Martha Orendu Oche Attah ◽  
Helga Ishaya Bedan ◽  
...  

Background: The therapeutic value of Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) has been documented in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases and ailments. Various preparations of this plant have been made and used especially for liver inflammatory conditions in livestock. Further, many liver diseases in humans are inflammatory conditions, which are caused by alcohol intake. This study sought to examine the effect of S. cumini on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. The first group was control and the other four were administered ethanol at varying doses to induce liver and kidney damages. Two doses of the S. cumini extract were administered at a concentration of 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg. Silymarin was administered to the last group at 10 mg/kg. The liver and kidney tissue samples were collected and preserved for histological analyses and the rat sera were analyzed for the associated biochemical biomarkers. Results: Histopathological analyses revealed pyknotic nuclei and distortion in the arrangement of the hepatocytes in extract-treated groups. The kidney tissue samples showed signs of interstitial bleeding and aggregation of lymphocytes in the peri-glomerular areas. The analyses of the biochemical parameters revealed that there were significant increases in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), Urea and creatinine in the sera of the groups treated with the extract compared to those of the controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: The S. cumini extract caused elevation of serum hepatic and renal biomarkers at 400 mg/kg and did not have a hepatoprotective effect.


2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Omotayo B. Ilesanmi ◽  
◽  
Eni-yimini Solomon Agoro ◽  

Background: Trevo is a nutritional supplement with numerous bioactive natural products, with detoxifying and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of Trévo to protect against oxidative stress induced by lead in the kidneys of male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-five healthy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of seven rats each, using a randomized design. I=control; II=15 mg/kg of lead acetate (PbA); III=2 ml/kg of trevo+PbA; IV=5 ml/kg of trevo+PbA; V=5 ml/kg of trevo. Animals were treated with trevo for five days before co-administration with lead intraperitoneally for 10 consecutive days. Animals were sacrificed 24hr after the last administration, blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture, and processed for assessment of urea, creatinine, and uric acid (UA), while the kidney samples were excised and processed for the following biochemical assays: Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Reduced Glutathione (GSH). Results: Injection of PbA caused a significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid, and a significant increase (P<0.001) in the MDA concentration, and decreases in GSH concentration, CAT, SOD, and GST activities (P<0.05) as compared to the controls. Pretreatment with trevo prevented the oxidative stress induced by lead acetate in the kidney tissue samples and improve the renal function. The protective effect was evident at 5 ml/kg of trevo. Conclusion: The results showed that trevo was nephroprotective against lead toxicity and the activity might be linked to the presence of numerous antioxidant phytochemicals present in trevo.


2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Tavakkoli ◽  
◽  
Hamidreza Ghorbani ◽  
Amin Nobahar ◽  
Maryam Emadzadeh ◽  
...  

Background: We aimed to assess the efficacy of Intraprostatic Onabotulinumtoxin-A (BTA) on the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and other objective measures of patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: Fifteen patients were included in this study. The drug (BTA; 150 IU) was reconstituted in 20 mL of 0.9% saline before administration to the patients. After providing urethral anesthesia, 20 intraurethral injections were made to lateral lobes of the prostate, 10 injections in each lobe. Follow-up visits were planned 3 and 12 months after the intervention. Pre- and post-interventional IPSS, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Prostate Volume (PV), Post-Void Residue (PVR), and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) compared via paired t-test. Finally, we reviewed the Pubmed database to provide a more precise conclusion. Results: The Mean±SD age of patients was 69±8.24 years, and the mean IPSS score decreased significantly from 24.3±3.3 to 14.6±3.7 (p<0.001) and 16.86±3.06 (p<0.009) on the 3rd and 12th months, respectively. The Mean±SD PSA, PVR, Qmax, and PV were 3.26±1.38, 82.33±35.55, 8.56±1.76, and 47.86±8.93, respectively at baseline. These factors significantly improved to 2.72±1.33 (P<0.000), 71.33±30.55 (p<0.000), 9.5±1.33 (p<0.011), and 42.86± 6.04 (p<0.000), respectively, on the 12th month follow-up. Conclusion: Although the overall results support the efficacy of BTA for BPH, the best route of administration, the most effective dose, the optimal number, and the volume of injections need further investigations. The probable placebo effect and underlying medical conditions (e.g., insulin resistance) should be considered as the confounding factors.


2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Shruthi S ◽  
◽  
Bhasker K. Shenoy ◽  

Background: Septilin (Spt) is an ayurvedic drug formulation from Himalaya Drug Company and is well-known for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Interest in the use of medicinal plants and herbal medicine as immunomodulators has currently been the subject of scientific investigation worldwide. Cyclophosphamide (CP) and Cisplatin (Csp) are widely used chemotherapeutic drugs and are known for their immunosuppressive effects. Methods: The present study evaluated the immune-stimulating activity of Spt (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg; PO/7 days) against CP (50 mg/kg) and Csp (10 mg/kg) induced immunosuppression in mice sensitized with sheep Red Blood Cells (RBC) by measuring Hemagglutination Antibody (HA) titre values and by determining the haematological parameters, such as Haemoglobin (Hb) content, White Blood Cells (WBC), RBC and platelet counts. Thymus index and differential counts of leukocytes were also determined. Results: Upon HA assay, the titre was significantly decreased in CP (59.40%) and Csp (62.16%) in the treatment groups (P<0.001). An increase in the HA titre value in Spt-treated mice showed the stimulation of humoral immune response (P<0.001). The results of haematological study in Spt-treated mice indicated stimulation of total leukocytes, RBC and platelet counts. Moreover, Spt treatment prior to the administration of CP and Csp prevented the loss of body weight and minimized their adverse effect on the mice thymus. Conclusion: Our experimental evidence suggests the immunostimulatory potency of Spt against the immunosuppression induced by chemotherapeutic drugs in mice. The study results are comparable with the immune-potentiating effects of standard immunomodulatory drug Levamisole (Lev). Hence, Spt may be used as an adjuvant to obviate the immune suppression induced by chemotherapeutic medications.


2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Rouhollah Gazor ◽  
◽  
Fatemeh Niknezhad ◽  
Fatemeh Yousefbeyk ◽  
Monireh Aghajany-Nasab ◽  
...  

Background: The antioxidant defense in the pancreas is low because they are exposed to toxic substances daily. This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorating effect of Viola odorata flowers Extract (VOE) on the pancreas histology and function in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Forty male rats were divided into five groups, consisting of controls; STZ; and STZ plus various doses of VOE (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg). The amylase, lipase, insulin and total antioxidant capacity levels were measured in the sera. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was also measured. The histopathological alterations of the rats’ pancreases were examined microscopically. Results: The serum amylase and total antioxidant activities were reduced in diabetic rats (P=0.001). Varying doses of VOE reduced the serum amylase and glucose levels, and increased the total antioxidant activities compared to that of the diabetic rats (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the serum lipase and insulin levels among the groups. Treatment with VOE at all doses significantly lowered the insulin resistance compared to that of the diabetic group (P=0.001). Significant reductions were observed in the areas of the pancreatic Langerhans islets and the number of beta cells in the STZ group (P=0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that VOE ameliorated the adverse effects induced by STZ in the rat’s pancreas in the short-term. These effects are likely to be due to the reduced insulin resistance and amylase activity, and increased total antioxidant activity along with the histopathological alterations in the pancreas.


2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Anitsah Fiqardina ◽  
◽  
Yulia Yusrini Djabir ◽  
Arif Santoso ◽  
Syafira Nurul Salsabil ◽  
...  

Background: Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, but it may induce kidney dysfunction. Clove oil (Oleum caryophylli) has antioxidant properties that may alleviate levofloxacin toxicity. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of clove oil on levofloxacin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat animal models. Methods: A total of 24 male rats were divided into 6 groups. One group did not receive levofloxacin to serve as the control. The treatment groups received a single daily administration of levofloxacin (93 mg/kg) with either placebo or clove oil (10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg per body weight) pre-treatment. Another group received Curcuma extract pre-treatment as a comparison. Blood samples were withdrawn after 28 days of treatment to measure serum biomarkers (urea and creatinine), and the kidneys were removed to measure renal Malondialdehyde (MDA) and histopathological analysis. Results: The results showed that clove oil pre-treatment at a dose of 10 mg/kg was able to reduce renal MDA and serum biomarker levels (P<0.05). The effect was similar to that found in Curcuma-treated rats. In addition, clove oil (10 mg/kg) was also found to ameliorate renal histopathological damage due to levofloxacin. Conclusion: Based on biomarker and histopathological analysis, clove oil pre-treatment in rats provides a nephroprotective effect against levofloxacin toxicity.


2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
HagaR Farid Elbakry ◽  
◽  
Hoda Abdel Rahman Abdel Salam ◽  
Sherein Saeid Abdelgayed ◽  
Doha A. Mohamed ◽  
...  

Background: Methotrexate (MTX) is an anti-metabolite drug used in the treatment of many cancers and autoimmune diseases. Methods: This study investigated the protective effect of flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil, and their mixture on the MTX-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Thirty rats divided into five groups of: normal control, MTX control, and flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil, and the mixture groups. The oils were administered to rats orally (2 ml/kg) for nine consecutive days followed by a methotrexate injection intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg) on the 9th day. Blood samples, liver and kidney tissues were collected from all rats for biochemical studies and histopathological assessments. The total phenolic content and fatty acid profiles of the oils were also determined. Results: Methotrexate induced hepatorenal toxicity as evident by the histopathological assessments of liver and kidneys, elevation of liver and kidney functions’ biomarkers, and increased plasma and liver oxidative stress associated with a rise in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as an inflammatory marker. Administration of flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil or the mixture prevented the MTX-toxicity at varying degrees as shown by reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and improved liver and kidney functions. The mixture was the most efficient treatment associated with the histopathological improvements in the liver and kidney tissue samples, and all biochemical parameters tested. Conclusion: Flaxseed oil, sesame seeds oil and the mixture may be used therapeutically to prevent hepatorenal toxicity induced by MTX. The effect is likely due to the presence of phenolic compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the oils with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
Taiwo Adekemi Abayomi ◽  
◽  
Olorunfemi Samuel Tokunbo ◽  
Moyinoluwa Ajayi ◽  
Olawale Ayobami Abayomi ◽  
...  

Background: Although ethanol exerts its neurotoxic effect on the brain through inflammatory and oxidative processes, the effect of Riboceine on the brain following ethanol neurotoxicity is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of riboceine on the cellular, behavioral, and molecular impairments induced by ethanol toxicity in rats. Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar rats weighing between 160-170 grams were used for the study, and were divided into four groups of six rats each. After completion of the administration of ethanol and riboceine, and testing for motor impairment, the rats were sacrificed. The cerebellum was excised and processed for oxidative stress analyses, based on oxidative stress markers and histological examinations. The immunohistochemical expression of astrocytes in the cerebellum was examined, using Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) stain. Results: This study demonstrated that ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebellum, characterized by increased oxidative stress profile, astrocyte activation, and neuronal death in the cerebellum, especially the Purkinje layer. Necrosis, significant decrease in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Gluathione (GSH) activities (P<0.05) as well as astrogliosis was associated with ethanol treatment. However, riboceine was observed to significantly increase the cerebellar SOD, CAT and GSH activities with significantly reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P<0.05). It also attenuated the histomorphological alteration of the cerebellum and reduced the cerebellar astrocytes activation following ethanol-induced neurotoxicity, thus leading to the attenuation of motor impairment. Conclusion: Riboceine attenuated motor impairment caused by chronic ethanol-induced neurotoxicity, suggestive of its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-240
Author(s):  
Reza Kheirandish ◽  
◽  
Mehdi Saberi ◽  
Shahrzad Azizi ◽  
Reza Khakdan ◽  
...  

Background: Oxymetholone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, has been used to treat some diseases. The abuse of this compound, especially for muscle growth, has severe oxidative side effects on the liver and kidneys. Oxidative stress and free radicals are responsible for the development of various diseases. Phytochemicals are sources of polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, etc. and may act as scavengers of free radicals. Saffron (Crocus sativus) has considerable antioxidant properties, which may be useful in reversing or preventing these negative effects. Methods: To evaluate the effects of saffron on the liver and kidneys degenerative changes induced by oxymetholone, 24 male Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats each as: a) sham (normal saline, 40 mg/kg/day), b) saffron control (40 mg/kg/day), c) oxymetholone (50 mg/rat), and d) treatment group [saffron (40 mg/kg/day)+oxymetholone (50 mg/rat)]. The course of examination was 30 days. Results: After one month, the sham and saffron control groups had normal histological findings. The treatment group with saffron showed a significant reduction in the hepatic and renal degenerative changes induced by oxymetholone compared to those observed in group. Conclusion: Based on the histopathological results, the use of saffron produced protective effects against the degenerative changes in rats’ liver and kidneys induced by oxymetholone.


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