Revisions to the Siraya lexicon based on the original Utrecht Manuscript

Summary Linguistic historiography analyzes how linguistic knowledge has been acquired, stored, used and diffused. This article examines what can happen if linguists rely on copies of source data rather than the source data itself. It takes as a case study linguistic data from Siraya, a now-extinct Formosan language. Documents compiled in the seventeenth century by Dutch missionaries in Taiwan form a significant source of data for Siraya. One such document, a wordlist known as the Utrecht Manuscript (UM), is the principal source for the lexicon of one variety of Siraya, “Siraya Proper”. It has been published three times. Each edition, however, contains many errors. These editions, rather than the manuscript, have been used by scholars investigating Siraya. This article aims to correct errors in the editions and secondary literature on the UM with my readings of the manuscript itself. It therefore presents a more accurate record of the lexicon of “Siraya Proper” as well as illustrating the importance of using primary rather than secondary sources of linguistic data. Finally, it introduces an online edition of the UM, which will provide scholars and language revivalists with a useful resource for this lexicon.

Metacriticism in Yu. S. Stepanov’s Language Philosophy

The article is devoted to the metacritical component in the scientific heritage of Yu. S. Stepanov (1930–2012) and its significant presence in modern scientific research. Metacriticism is understood as a method of an analytical revision of estab-lished linguistic concepts, opinions, and assessments related to iconic personalities and their views. This method is included in the tools of narrative linguistic historiography, along with the study of the full linguistic heritage corpus created by specific authors in a strictly chronological order, identifying a broad scientific context, ex-ploring the intellectual discourse of the era, a detailed acquaintance with the linguistic journals and collections of the period of interest, restoring the scientist’s library according to his / her writings, reconstructing his / her conceptual chronology, interviewing eyewitnesses of scientific events, students and opponents of key figures in the specific scientific school, etc. In this sense, metacriticism significantly expands its original boundaries as defined in the middle of the 19th century in the course of revising I. Kant’s critical ideas, and is represented in the works by Yu. S. Stepanov with his arguments about the accuracy of interpretations of classical concepts, terms and categories related to the philosophy of language in Russian and foreign scientific publications.

Admiral Shishkov, General Akhverdov, Major Shchulepnikov and «Russian Grammar» by J. S. Vater

The article is devoted to the history of writing «Russian Grammar» by the famous German linguist J. S. Vater. It analyzes the peculiarities of his scientific activity and the prerequisites for the appearance of his Russian Grammar from the standpoint of narrative linguistic historiography. Modern narrative linguistic historiography pays particular attention to the periods right before the appearance of new linguistic paradigms. Such was the period of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when the main experts on the Russian language in the Russian Empire, for various reasons, were Germans, and Russian grammars written by German authors became the most common Russian language textbooks.J. S. Vater is known in the history of linguistics not only as a disciple and successor of J. C. Adelung, but also as one of the founders of Slavic studies, the author of «Practical Grammar of the Russian Language» and «The Book for Reading in the Russian Language». The appearance of J. S. Vater's works was associated with such Russian military and political figures as A. S. Shishkov, N. I. Akhverdov and M. S. Schulepnikov, who also contributed to the development of Russian culture and Russian linguistics, as well as with his teacher's nephew F. P. Adelung. J. S. Vater published his very first grammar of the Russian language in 1808 in Leipzig. In this work, he relied on the «Russian grammar for Germans» published in Moscow in 1789 by J. Heym, professor of the Faculty of Linguistics at Moscow University

The contribution of women to the Spanish linguistic tradition

In Spain, despite the unfavourable environment, some exceptional women in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were eager readers of the classics; ‘learned in grammar’ and professors of Latin. At the same time, female ascetic-mystic writers helped to dignify the Spanish Romance language. The eighteenth century witnessed a proliferation of literary salons presided over by distinguished women, while translators abounded. By the late nineteenth century, female university professors were ceasing to be uncommon; they shone as translators and philologists, although certain renowned linguistic and literary institutions continued to close their doors to them. These women with a passion for languages made a key contribution to linguistics in Spain, but were sidelined due to the historical circumstances in which they lived; since then, they have faced a further exclusion, in that they are conspicuously absent from official linguistic historiography.

BAHASA MELAYU: ANTARA BARUS DAN MALAKA

Topik mengenai asal-usul bahasa Melayu sudah diperbincangkan bahkan jauh sebelum NKRI ada. Umumnya, para ahli bersepakat bahwa bahasa Melayu di Nusantara ini berasal dari masa Kerajaan Sriwijaya (Melayu Kuno) dan Kesultanan Malaka untuk bahasa Melayu baru. Kajian ini berusaha membantah pandangan para ahli bahasa tersebut bahwa ada mata rantai yang terputus mengenai jejak awal bahasa Melayu baru, yaitu di Barus, kemudian berkembang di Kerajaan Haru dan Aceh, baru kemudian di Malaka. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori historiografi linguistik untuk melihat sejarah perkembangan bahasa. Metode yang digunakan, yaitu kualitatif mengacu pada pendekatan diakronis. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jejak awal bahasa Melayu baru berdasarkan sejarah masuknya Islam ke Nusantara ialah dengan aksara Jawi yang bermula di Barus. Temuan ini membantah pendapat para ahli bahasa yang mengatakan bahwa bahasa Melayu baru bermula di Malaka. Fakta ini didukung oleh karya-karya Hamzah Fansuri pada abad XVI yang menulis karyanya menggunakan bahasa Melayu yang dominan dipengaruhi bahasa Arab dan Persia. Sementara itu, Raja Ali Haji menulis karya, sekitar abad XIX. Bahasa Melayu berkembang di Aceh. Setelah Aceh berhasil ditaklukkan Malaka, barulah bahasa Melayu turut berkembang di Malaka.Debate and discussion about the origin of the Malay language long before the Republic of Indonesia was discussed. Generally, the opinions of experts agree that the Malay language in the archipelago originated from the Kingdom of Srivijaya (Ancient Malay) and the Malacca Sultanate for the new Malay Language. This study tries to refute the views of the linguists, that there is a broken link regarding the initial traces of the new Malay language, namely in Barus, then developing in the Kingdom of Haru and Aceh, only later in Malacca. The theory used is the theory of linguistic historiography to see the history of language development. The method used is qualitative refers to the diachronic approach. The research findings show that based on the history of the entry of Islam into the archipelago, the initial traces of the new Malay language, namely the Jawi script originated in Barus, so that the opinions of linguists who say say originated in Malacca. This fact is supported by the works of Hamzah Fansuri in the XVI century who wrote his work using Malay which was predominantly influenced by Arabic and Persian languages. While Raja Ali Haji wrote the work, around the XIX century. Malay language developed in Aceh, only after Aceh was conquered by Malacca, the next development in Malacca.

El que no tiene de inga, tiene de mandinga

This paper aims to open a space for the study of phraseology from historiography, specifically, the Peruvian linguistic historiography related to the dictionaries and lexical studies, that is, the theoretical lexicography of the Peruvian Spanish. Since the early recollection of the Peruvian colloquial expressions by Juan de Arona (1883), going through the studies of Benvenutto Murrieta (1936), the glossary of Vargas Ugarte (1953) and the most recent dictionaries of local Peruvian Spanish, one notices the treatment that the proverbs have received in Peruvian lexicography. The interest for understanding the creation and evolution of the phraseological utterances and the figure of Ricardo Palma, as well as his presence in the Peruvian slang, is observed. The register of set phrases seems to have started with the perception of some phraseological variants before the lexicographers realized the existence of its own original phraseology.

Epistolae Iapanicae: cartas dos primeiros jesuítas portugueses no Japão / Epistolae Iapanicae: The Letters of the First Portuguese Jesuits in Japan

Resumo: As Cartas Japonesas (Epistolae Iapanicae) são documentos que registram a ação dos jesuítas portugueses em terras japonesas a partir do ano de 1549. Essas cartas tinham como finalidade comunicar à coroa as ações (e consequentemente, as dificuldades) das missões enviadas ao Oriente, tanto no tocante à condução da catequização, quanto da conversão, que eram os intuitos principais na promoção da expansão da religião católica, mas que traziam no seu bojo outras intenções, como o avanço econômico e político sobre aquela população. A obra em estudo resulta da reunião das mais significativas cartas enviadas a Portugal. Escritas originalmente em português, elas foram posteriormente traduzidas para o neolatim, sob o título Epistolae iapanicae, de multorum gentilium in uariis insulis ad Christi fidem, per Societas nominis Iesu Theologos Conuersione. A edição dessas cartas, neste formato, deu-se no ano de 1569, pelo editor Ruitger Velpius (1540-1615), pela Universidade de Lovaina, com prólogos e subtítulos de Hannardus Gameren Mosaeus (1530-1569) e o patrocínio de Alberto V, Duque da Baviera (1528-1579). A proposta deste artigo é discutir o processo de composição desta obra a partir das suas características enquanto trabalho resultante de compilação de documentos esparsos, aqui tratados como fontes primárias, em que se levam em conta aspectos contextuais como mecenato, intenções editoriais e os processos de adequação da difusão dos documentos inacianos aos propósitos de expansão religiosa, política e comercial, transformando um arquivo de cartas de circulação restrita em obra impressa de valor essencial para as intenções expansionistas de Portugal.Palavras-chave: historiografia linguística; retórica; jesuítas; Japão.Abstract: The Japanese Letters (Epistolae Iapanicae) are documents which record the activity of the Portuguese Jesuits in Japanese territory from 1549. These letters were intended to report to the crown the actions (and consequently the difficulties) of missions sent to the East, both in terms of conducting catechization and conversion, which were the main purposes for promoting the expansion of the Catholic religion, but which brought with it other intentions, such as economic and political advantages taken of that population. The work under study results from the gathering of the most significant letters sent to Portugal. Originally written in Portuguese, they were later translated into Neo-Latin, under the title Epistolae Iapanicae, de multorum gentilium in variis insulis ad Christi fidem per societatis nominis Iesu Theologos conuersione. These letters were edited in this format in 1569 by editor Ruitger Velpius (1540-1615), at the University of Leuven, with prologues and subtitles by Hannardus Gameren Mosaeus (1530-1569), sponsored by Alberto V, Duke of Bavaria (1528-1579). The purpose of this article is to discuss the process of composing this work considering its characteristics as a product resulting from the compilation of scattered documents, treated here as primary sources, which take into account contextual aspects such as patronage, editorial intentions and the processes of adaptation of the diffusion of Ignatian documents for religious, political and commercial expansion purposes, transforming an archive of restricted circulation letters into a printed work of great value to Portugal’s expansionist intentions.Keywords: Linguistic Historiography; Rhetoric; Jesuits; Japan.