From Quark to Infinite Dimensionality

This article gives a overall picture of how the universe works from the likelihood that our universe is infinite dimensional at the nanometer scale of an indestructible quark. The article explains that we only can perceive for sure up to 4 dimensions of physical reality. However, the speculation in this article seems very clear that likely we are seeing activity in the 5th dimension in particle physics experimentation explaining the EPR paradox and other mysteries seen in particle physics. Finally, the article shows why the Mendeleev Chart has historically listed possible stable atoms without giving the exact number possible. The way protons and other hadrons are composed of six quarks and six antiquarks held together by gluons leads to the inevitable conclusion that only 108 stable atoms can exist. Being stable means the protons in an atom are composed of 3 quarks/antiquarks having charge 1. Recent discoveries in particle physics research demonstrates that there exists a particle named the pentaquark composed of five quarks. The article explains that pentaquarks have been identified in recent particle research. It is not known yet whether the pentaquark leads to a different proton that leads in turn to a pentaquark atom. New particle research will likely answer this question

Lepton Pair Production with Only One Charge Available - Neutrino

According to observations leptons are always produced in pairs. Both particles can be electrically charged, or just one, in which case the charged particle is accompanied by a particle specific neutrino. The period doubling process in nonlinear dynamical systems creates stable pair structures from the Planck units. The electron-positron pair is one of the stable structures, and the rest mass, electric charge and magnetic moment can be accurately calculated by the period doubling process. That the pair structure is stable means, that e.g., an electron and a positron are always born together. In the muon decay one of the pair is charged, while the other remains chargeless because there is only one charge available. It is suggested in this article that neutrino is the chargeless part of the lepton pair.

Air-stable means more: designing air-defendable lithium metals for safe and stable batteries

This review summarizes the strategies to simultaneously enhance air/water-resistance and electrochemical performance of lithium metal anodes.

Challenges of an established amateur sport: Exploring how wheelchair basketball grows and thrives through a sport development lense

Wheelchair basketball has been played in the United States for more than 70 years, and the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA) governing body has professionalized the sport to some extent with a league and culminating annual championship for its eight divisions. However, teams continue to face challenges that characteristically align with those of amateur sport in addressing recruiting and retaining athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges elite, competitive wheelchair basketball programs face and to understand their approach to recruiting and retaining athletes with disabilities to play the sport. Green’s (2005) theory of sport development was chosen as the lens for this study because of its focus on establishment of a sport for sustainability through athlete participation. An online open-ended questionnaire was sent to all 139 NWBA team contacts, with 28 responses representing multiple divisions within the league. Findings revealed that teams were primarily formed through unstable means of personal interest and community needs as well as stable means of university and rehabilitation hospital systems. Participants identified funding as the biggest challenge as they offered little support for tournament travel or financial rewards for athletes. Teams recruited athletes through social connections and community presence, but offered little structure for their means of retaining athletes. These findings show the NWBA teams operate with challenges akin to amateur sport due to uncertainty of funding and athlete sustainability.

The Reichsbank and German War Aims in 1918

German war aims in 1918 were shaped in part by a consensus among German policy-makers, but also in part by competing visions of national security. The growing conviction that economic production and access to raw materials shaped German perceptions of security. For some, this meant control over an extensive network of production facilities in Eastern Europe. For others, the viability of the Mark as a stable means of exchange took priority. The ways in which these competing visions were negotiated could result in more radical goal as in Lithuania and Courland, or might limit the extension of German influence, as in Ukraine. In particular, the financial concerns of the Reichsbank and Treasury alternately obstructed and radicalized German policy in the former Russian Empire. Both bodies feared that any substantial outlays to secure control over productive assets would endanger the stability of the Mark, but both favoured extending controls over Lithuania and Courland for the same reason. The article highlights competing forms of domination advocated by different branches of the German government and the impact intramural fights had on German expansionism. It also underlines the significance of the financial components of German expansion.

Evaluation of Resistance to Phytophthora sojae in Soybean Mini Core Collections Using an Improved Assay System

Stem and root rot disease caused by Phytophthora sojae is devastating to soybean crops worldwide. Developing host resistance to P. sojae, considered the most effective and stable means to control this disease, is partly hampered by limited germplasm resources. In this study, we first modified conventional methods for a P. sojae resistance assay to a simpler and more cost-effective version, in which the P. sojae inoculum was mixed into the soil and the resistance was evaluated by survival rate (%) of soybean seedlings. This rating had significant correlations (P < 0.01) with the reduction in root fresh weight and the visual root rot severity. Applying this method to evaluate P. sojae resistance in soybean mini core collections comprising either 79 accessions originating from Japan (JMC) or 80 accessions collected around the world (WMC) revealed a wide variation in resistance among the individual varieties. In total, 38 accessions from the JMC and 41 from the WMC exhibited resistance or moderate resistance to P. sojae isolate N1 (with virulence to Rps1b, 3c, 4, 5, and 6), with ≥50% survival. Of these, 26 from the JMC and 29 from the WMC showed at least moderate resistance to P. sojae isolate HR1 (vir Rps1a-c, 1k, 2, 3a-c, 4-6, and 8). Additionally, 24 WCS accessions, in contrast to only 6 from the JMC, exhibited 100% survival after being challenged with both the N1 and HR1 isolates, suggesting a biogeographical difference between the two collections. We further verified two JMC varieties, Daizu and Amagi zairai 90D, for their resistance to an additional four P. sojae isolates (60 to 100% survival), which may provide new and valuable genetic sources for P. sojae resistance breeding in soybean.

Physics, Mechanics, Mathematics

Dynamics features movement and stable means. Continuous Stable dynamics thus means continuous movement or motion. That is a moving object which enjoys continuous movement. For example, the electron continuous revolution round the nucleus, the revolution of the moon round the earth and that of the earth round the sun. In this formula, the continuous movement of the moving object round the origin of coordinates in space is studied. Regarding the importance of the angular speed calculation in most of applied sciences such as dynamic mechanics , aerospace , dynamic systems and lock of a relation established in this connection , the need is felt that in order to design and optimize dynamic systems , a reasonable relation should be presented . This paper tries to prove such a relation in the easiest possible way.

Output Synchronization for Teleoperation of Wheel Mobile Robot

The potential for use of robotic systems in remote applications arenas has long motivated development of robust and stable means of teleoperated control of slave systems. However, telerobotic systems face challenges stemming from the devices themselves, environmental factors, communication and control complexities. To address these challenges, we will adopt the passivity based synchronization framework [1] and study its applicability to safely synchronize two heterogeneous Lagrangian systems. Within this framework, an adaptive controller identifies and stabilizes the dynamics of the master and slave systems and renders the dynamics passive to a secondary coupling input. The passive mapping used to couple the output states of the master and slave systems and is made insensitive to lossy and delayed communication medium. Specifically, an adaptive passive synchronization teleoperation controller is developed between an Omni haptic device that serves as our master and a differentially driven nonholonomic Wheel Mobile Robot (WMR) as the slave system. A battery of hardware-in-the-loop simulations are used to verify the proposed controller.