cylindrical resonator
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Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1052
Author(s):  
Libin Zeng ◽  
Yunfeng Tao ◽  
Yao Pan ◽  
Jianping Liu ◽  
Kaiyong Yang ◽  
...  

For the axisymmetric shell resonator gyroscopes, the quality factor (Q factor) of the resonator is one of the core parameters limiting their performances. Surface loss is one of the dominating losses, which is related to the subsurface damage (SSD) that is influenced by the grinding parameters. This paper experimentally studies the surface roughness and Q factor variation of six resonators ground by three different grinding speeds. The results suggest that the removal of the SSD cannot improve the Q factor continuously, and the variation of surface roughness is not the dominant reason to affect the Q factor. The measurement results indicate that an appropriate increase in the grinding speed can significantly improve the surface quality and Q factor. This study also demonstrates that a 20 million Q factor for fused silica cylindrical resonators is achievable using appropriate manufacturing processes combined with post-processing etching, which offers possibilities for developing high-precision and low-cost cylindrical resonator gyroscopes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  

The theory of new axioms and laws is published by the same author. It describes nonparametric and nonlinear processes and contains 2 new axioms and 8 new laws. Unlike Classical field theory, it describes longitudinal or transverse non-uniform motions which are accelerating or decelerating. According to the Axiom 1 every unevenly rotation of one vector forms open vortex which can be transverse or longitudinal and accelerating or decelerating. From the planetary model of Rutherford it is known that there is analogy between the electrons and an planets including the planet Earth. By analogy - the electrons and the internal planets are similar Gravitational bodies. According the Law 1 the model of the electron or the Earth represents a decelerating transverse vortex rolled into a plane (2D) and generating in its center accelerating longitudinal Gravity Funnel in (3D), perpendicular to the same plane. Inside- the primary accelerating longitudinal Gravity vectors are with decreasing dimensions and forms the decelerating Magnetic Field as a Back wave passing through the center of Earth. Outside- because of resistance of environment in periphery, is formed Back wave or decelerating Gravity vortex that passes outside the body of Earth. According Axiom 2 the reason for the creation of the electron is the generation by the corresponding proton. By analogythe reason for the creation of internal planets, including the planet Earth is in the generation of a specific vortex inside the corresponding for Earth resonator in the volume of the Sun. It is Low Frequency vortex which is formed in the third cylindrical resonator that corresponds to Earth. According Law 2 the proton or the resonator inside Sun is generated by a decelerating longitudinal vortex with direction from outside to inside which creates an accelerating transverse vortex from inside to outside in the perpendicular plane. As it is strongly accelerated this vortex from inside to outside it shoots itself into space in direction to the Earth. Due to the friction it decelerates and according to the previous Law 1 it winds into as a decelerating transverse vortex generating the body of Earth. According Law 5 decelerating vortex emits decelerating cross vortices from itself to outside. This decelerating vortices in periphery of the Earth emit energy and warm the center of the Earth. That is why the periphery of Earth is cool ,but the center of Earth is hot . According Law 6 the accelerating cross vortex sucks accelerating cross vortices to itself . This accelerating cross vortex at center of the Sun sucks energy and warm from center and emits them to periphery of Sun. That is why the center of Sun is cool but the periphery is extremely accelerated and hot. The described generating mechanism only applies to the inner planets. For the outer planets, the generation algorithm is orthogonal and will be described further


Author(s):  
Andrécia Pereira da Costa ◽  
Glauco Fontgalland ◽  
Alfrêdo Gomes Neto ◽  
Antônio Sérgio B. Sombra

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
V. P. Krylov

The accuracy of determining the permittivity of the material depends on the thickness of the intermediate layer with variable dielectric characteristics formed on the surface of the sample upon manufacturing. We present the results of studying the influence of the surface roughness of the test sample on the accuracy of determining the permittivity using the resonator method. An algorithm for calculating the permittivity in a volumetric cylindrical resonator is proposed, taking into account the roughness value and the residual gap. Using the matrix method for calculating the wave transmitted through the plate, a model for determination of the dielectric permittivity of a multilayer sample using a measuring resonator is developed. The results obtained can be used to improve the accuracy of the permittivity determination in a volume resonator when testing the samples with a roughness exceeding the required standard.


Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Yunfeng Tao ◽  
Yao Pan ◽  
Jianping Liu ◽  
Yonglei Jia ◽  
Kaiyong Yang ◽  
...  

The cylindrical resonator gyroscope (CRG) is a type of Coriolis vibratory gyroscope which measures the angular velocity or angle through the precession of the elastic wave of the cylindrical resonator. The cylindrical fused silica resonator is an essential component of the CRG, the symmetry of which determines the bias drift and vibration stability of the gyroscope. The manufacturing errors breaking the symmetry of the resonator are usually described by Fourier series, and most studies are only focusing on analyzing and reducing the fourth harmonic error, the main error source of bias drift. The second harmonic error also is one of the obstacles for CRG towards high precision. Therefore, this paper provides a chemical method to evaluate and balance the second harmonic error of cylindrical fused silica resonators. The relation between the frequency split of the n = 1 mode and the second harmonic error of the resonator is obtained. Simulations are performed to analyze the effects of the first three harmonic errors on the frequency splits. The relation between the location of the low-frequency axis of n = 1 mode and the heavy axis of the second harmonic error is also analyzed by simulation. Chemical balancing experiments on two fused silica resonators demonstrate the feasibility of this balancing procedure, and show good consistency with theoretical and simulation analysis. The second harmonic error of the two resonators is reduced by 86.6% and 79.8%, respectively.


Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Yannick Minet ◽  
Hans Zappe ◽  
Ingo Breunig ◽  
Karsten Buse

Whispering gallery resonators made out of lithium niobate allow for optical parametric oscillation and frequency comb generation employing the outstanding second-order nonlinear-optical properties of this material. An important knob to tune and control these processes is, e.g., the linear electro-optic effect, the Pockels effect via externally applied electric fields. Due to the shape of the resonators a precise prediction of the electric field strength that affects the optical mode is non-trivial. Here, we study the average strength of the electric field in z-direction in the region of the optical mode for different configurations and geometries of lithium niobate whispering gallery resonators with the help of the finite element method. We find that in some configurations almost 100% is present in the cavity compared to the ideal case of a cylindrical resonator. Even in the case of a few-mode resonator with a very thin rim we find a strength of 90%. Our results give useful design considerations for future arrangements that may benefit from the strong electro-optic effect in bulk whispering gallery resonators made out of lithium niobate.


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