Use of Gas Emulsion in Blasting Project for Clearing in a Copper Mine in Southern Peru

The gasifiable emulsion is a technological and productive response to the need to reduce operating costs in the mining project, among the improvements with respect to ANFO are a higher detonation velocity (VOD), better fragmentation and reduction of nitrous fumes. In the test mining operation, a commercial explosive mixture called "Q "73 (70% emulsion and 30% ANFO) is used, where the ANFO is composed of 97% ammonium nitrate and 3% diesel, and the explosive mixture "Q "82 (80% emulsion and 20% ANFO) is also used, 7 blasting processes were carried out with a diameter of 12.25 in. in a waste area, the most characteristic rocks found in the blasting project in the copper mine in southern Peru are Toba Cristal (TC), Andesite Basaltic Propylitic (BA-PRO), Andesite Basaltic Argillic (BA-ARG). The results obtained show a reduction of the Power Factor by 1.32%, with respect to the commercial mixtures "Q "73 and "Q "82 an optimum increase in the detonation velocity of 9.92% and 0.59% was obtained, also the high-resolution images of the fumes after blasting indicate a low presence of orange fumes taking a great relevance in the mining sector on a large scale, achieving better results in the blasting phase.

Identification of a New Microalgal Strain From Chromite Mine Wastes for Detoxification of Hexavalent Chromium for Sustainable Crop Growth

Sukinda chromium mine is well known for its chromium (Cr) reserve in India. It accounts for 97% of Cr production in the country. The open cast mining results in the seepage and accumulation of chromium in the nearby paddy fields through soil runoff. Deposition of high concentrations of toxic Cr6+ adversely affected the growth and productivity of rice plants. It was studied that Cr6+ toxicity can be counteracted by the microbes especially algae. Hence, an attempt has been made for the exploration of an indigenous micro-algal strain for the detoxification of Cr6+ in the rice fields. Three different micro-algal strains were isolated from the waterlogged regions of the mine waste area and tested against Cr6+. The average concentration of Cr6+ in the soils of rice fields and its surrounding regions was estimated around 40ppm. In vitro study was conducted to determine the optimal growth parameters for the growth of the algal strains. The concentration of total chromium availability was determined by using ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. It showed that all the algal-stains were able to detoxify Cr6+, but the best result (89.63%) was observed in one strain ‘SM3’. SEM-EDX study also showed that there was no Cr adsorbed on the surface of the algal strain. Raman Spectroscopy study confirmed the reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ in algal strain. The strain was identified as Fischerella sp. (Accession no. MK422171) through morphological and molecular characterization. This algal strain can be used for the bioremediation of chromium contaminated crop fields.

Perancangan Tempat Pengolahan Sampah (TPS) 3R di Kelurahan Sungai Jawi Dalam Kota Pontianak

In the implementation of the construction of the recycling area, several stages are needed, one of which is the phase of selecting a suitable location for the construction of the recycling area. This study aims to analyze the potential sites for the construction of recycling area using the participatory selection (selotif) method then after determining the appropriate locations, the design of the recycling area includes reception and sorting areas, composting area and other supporting facilities. The method in carrying out research at the initial stage is to identify the location of the study area and perform population projections to determine waste generation for the next 20 years. The research location in Kelurahan Sungai Jawi Dalam then divides 2 zones of prospective locations to be scored using that method. From the results of population projections in 2021, the population of Kelurahan Sungai Jawi Dalam is 35,402 people with a loading rate of 2.68 liters/person/day so that the capacity of the waste generated is 94,877 liters/day. Then from the scoring of the indicator variable tape, zone A obtained a cumulative value of 1190 and zone B of 1030 so that the zone selected as the location for the construction of recycling area was zone A with the availability of land for development of 896 m2. It is planned that the recycling area will serve 400 family members, with the rate of waste generated then compared to the waste generation of Kelurahan Sungai Jawi Dalam in 2021, the presence of the recycling area which is planned to reduce 4.52% of the waste that goes to the landfill. Recycling area requirements are 166.75 m2 consisting of 5.0 m2 organic waste storage, 7.0 m2 sorting area, 36.75 m2 composting area, 24.0 m2 sifting area, and anorganic waste area. 9.0 m2 then supporting facilities such as warehouse 18.0 m2, office 18.0 m2 security, 3.0 m2 residual area 10.0 m2, garage 30 m2 and bathroom 6.0 m2. Keywords: waste, selotif, recycling area Abstrak Dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan TPS 3R dibutuhkan tahapan pemilihan lokasi yang layak untuk pembangunan TPS 3R. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis calon lokasi TPS 3R dengan metode seleksi partisipatif (selotif), setelah ditentukan lokasi kemudian merancang area TPS 3R berupa area penerimaan dan pemilahan, area komposting dan fasilitas pendukung lainnya. Metode pelaksanaan penelitian pada tahap awal mengidentifikasi lokasi wilayah studi dan proyeksi penduduk untuk mengetahui timbulan sampah hingga 20 tahun mendatang kemudian untuk mendapatkan hasil skoring lokasi terpilih berdasarkan variabel dan indikator yang ditentukan dalam metode selotif dilakukan dengan observasi langsung, wawancara dan kuesioner. Lokasi penelitian di Kelurahan Sungai Jawi Dalam kemudian membagi 2 zona calon lokasi yang akan dilakukan skoring dengan metode selotif. Dari hasil proyeksi penduduk pada tahun 2021, jumlah penduduk Kelurahan Sungai Jawi Dalam sebanyak 35.402 jiwa dengan laju timbulan sampah 2,68 liter/org/hari sehingga kapasitas sampah yang dihasilkan adalah 94.877 liter/hari. Kemudian dari skoring variabel indikator selotif zona A memperoleh nilai komulatif sebesar 1190 dan zona B sebesar 1030 sehingga zona yang terpilih sebagai lokasi pembangunan TPS 3R adalah zona A dengan ketersediaan lahan untuk pembangunan sebesar 896 m2. Direncanakan TPS 3R akan melayani 400KK, dengan laju timbulan sampah yang dihasilkan kemudian dibandingkan dengan timbulan sampah Kelurahan Sungai Jawi Dalam pada tahun 2021, kehadiran TPS 3R yang direncanakan dapat mengurangi 4,52% sampah yang masuk ke TPA. Kebutuhan lahan TPS 3R untuk melayani jumlah KK yang direncanakan sebesar 166,75 m2 terdiri dari penampungan sampah organik 5,0 m2, area pencacah 7,0 m2, area pengomposan 36,75 m2, area pengayakan 24,0 m2, dan area sampah anorganik 9,0 m2 kemudian sarana pendukung seperti gudang 18,0 m2, kantor 18,0 m2 pos jaga 3,0 m2 area residu 10,0 m2, garasi gerobak motor 30 m2 dan kamar mandi / WC 6,0 m2. Kata kunci : sampah, selotif, TPS 3R

E-waste polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure lead to child gut-mucosal inflammation and adaptive immune response

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure alters immunological responses. Research concerning PAH exposure on intestinal immunity of children in electronic waste (e-waste) areas is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollutants on intestinal mucosal immunity of children in e-waste areas. Results showed higher hydroxylated PAH (OH-PAH) concentrations in e-waste-exposed children, accompanied with higher sialyl Lewis A (SLA) level, absolute lymphocyte and monocyte counts, decreased of percentage of CD4+ T cells, and had a higher risk of diarrhea. OH-PAH concentrations were negative with child growth. 1-OHNap mediated through WBCs, along with 1-OHPyr were both correlated with an increase SLA concentration. 2-OHFlu, 1-OHPhe, 2-OHPhe, 1-OHPyr and 6-OHChr were positively correlated with secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration. Our results indicated that PAH pollutants caused inflammation, affected the intestinal epithelium, and led to transformation of microfold cell (M cell). M cells initiating mucosal immune responses and the subsequent increasing sIgA production might be an adaptive immune respond of children in the e-waste areas. To our knowledge, this is the first study of PAH exposure on children intestinal immunity in e-waste area, showing that PAH exposure plays a negative role in child growth and impairs the intestinal immune function.

ANALISIS FRAMING LITERASI LINGKUNGAN DI KAWASAN BEBAS SAMPAH KOTA BANDUNG

The challenge of managing waste in the future is to develop zero waste city, however the condition will never be achieved without community participation. In colaboration with NGO which work in waste and garbage management issue, the local government had developed the model of zero waste area in district level. This article is aims to explore the framing of waste management literacy event in Kampung Cibunut. Applying the framing theory of McLachan and Reid, the analysis arrive to the result that continuing interaction among facilitator and cadres and community member has built the shift framing and counter framing. There is also flixed framing which display the resistence to frame change or modification such as the indicators of zero waste area, and flexible framing which display the opennes to frame change or modification such as the implementation of skill transfer in public areas. Entire framing was develop from contextualization of the message delivered in literacy event.