Partial Order Games

We introduce a non-cooperative game model in which players’ decision nodes are partially ordered by a dependence relation, which directly captures informational dependencies in the game. In saying that a decision node v is dependent on decision nodes v1,…,vk, we mean that the information available to a strategy making a choice at v is precisely the choices that were made at v1,…,vk. Although partial order games are no more expressive than extensive form games of imperfect information (we show that any partial order game can be reduced to a strategically equivalent extensive form game of imperfect information, though possibly at the cost of an exponential blowup in the size of the game), they provide a more natural and compact representation for many strategic settings of interest. After introducing the game model, we investigate the relationship to extensive form games of imperfect information, the problem of computing Nash equilibria, and conditions that enable backwards induction in this new model.

Social Isolation As a Factor of Self-Preservation of the Individual

This article presents the first experience of reflection, the first intuition of events related to the 2020 pandemic. Basing on the concept of Mikhail Epstein about the productive value of purification as a result of disengagement with the environment the author tries to identify constructive moments of self-isolation in a society in a state of uncertainty, risk, danger, which makes us understand how fragile human life is and how important selfpreservation of the individual is for reducing tension and optimizing activities in the outside world. Forced selfisolation for everyone indicates global problems, the need to change the collective consciousness. The author believes that there is a dependence relation between the human condition and the surrounding reality. To describe it, Carl Gustav Jung used the concept of synchronicity. Important aspects of this connection are considered in the synergetic picture of the world, they are comprehended thanks to discoveries in quantum physics. It reveals itself in the concept of the actualized personality of Abraham Maslow. In this situation, spiritual experience and knowledge, intellectual search and transcendental experiences are important contributing to the restoration of internal balance necessary for choosing the right strategies in the external world. It is emphasized that in the period of global social transformation large-scale intensive development of information and communication technologies, when the results of communicative intentions can be repeatedly strengthened, acquire autonomy and unpredictable character, the degree of responsibility for the actions, words, actions, thoughts increases. The situation requires an attentive and environmentally friendly attitude to yourself, your loved ones, and the world as a whole. Isolation is considered as one of the conditions of change necessary for internal growth.

Violence in Public Transport: An Analysis of Resilience and Vulnerability in the City of Rio de Janeiro

Indicators of violence involving public transportation have reached alarming levels in most Brazilian states, hampering mobility. This article aims to identify the level of vulnerability and resilience of public transportation in 21 administrative regions of the city of Rio de Janeiro, in light of criminal occurrences. Variables related to population, employment, intervening opportunities, travel time, criminal occurrences associated with public transportation and police coverage of each evaluated region were used. The results indicated that the five most vulnerable regions are Campo Grande, Méier, Barra da Tijuca, Rio Comprido and Irajá, and the most resilient are Lagoa, Copacabana, Botafogo, Vila Isabel and Tijuca. The contribution of this work is the proposal to analyze the level of vulnerability and resilience based on public security data, with emphasis on the spatial dependence relation among the regions.

Study of determining empirical law of explosion demolition effects of splashed funnel radius in clay medium under water by multivariable regression method

When it comes to blasting in soil, in general, and blasting in clay medium under water, in particular, typical parameters for destruction effect of explosion known as splashed funnel based on water depth, the depth of buried explosives in clay medium and the explosive mass. This relation is multidimensional and multivariable. Using traditional integation addressing empirical data still has limits in presenting a general law in entire domain relating to such relation. Therefore, based on the empirical results collected from the previuos study, this paper will concentrate to make a machine learning algorithm building a regression model, finding the general empirical law about the dependence relation of the radius of splashed funnel in clay medium under water, based on splashed funnel and the water depth, the depth of buried explosives in clay medium and the radius of explosives charges. The efficiency of the model will be evaluated with correlation coefficent R2 between the calculated values of funnels and its real values in experiments. Consequently, the model reached high accuracies which can be applicable in the reality.

Constitution and Dependence

Constitution is the relation that holds between an object and what it is made of: statues are constituted by the lumps of matter they coincide with; flags, one may think, are constituted by colored pieces of cloth; and perhaps human persons are constituted by biological organisms. Constitution is often thought to be a "dependence relation." In this paper, I argue that given some plausible theses about ontological dependence, most definitions of constitution don’t allow us to retain this popular doctrine. The best option for those who want to maintain that constitution is a dependence relation is to endorse a kind of mereological hylomorphism: constituted objects have their constituters as proper parts, along with a form, which is another proper part. The upshot is that constitution theorists who think of constitution as a dependence relation but are reluctant to endorse mereological hylomorphism ought to give up one of their commitments.

Ultrasonic and Optical Studies of Binary Mixtures of Ethanol with Diisopropyl Ether, Cyclohexane or n-Alkanes (C6-C9) from 298.15 to 318.15 K

Ultrasonic speeds (u) and refractive indices (n) of the binary liquid mixtures of ethanol with diisopropyl ether (DIPE) or cyclohexane or n-alkane (C6-C9) were experimentally measured from 298.15 to 318.15 K over entire composition range. Using these measurements deviation in ultrasonic speed (Δu), deviation in refractive index (Δn), excess intermolecular free length (Lf E ) and excess isentropic compressibility (Ks E ) were calculated and fitted with Redlich-Kister equation. The Δu values are negative for all binary mixture and magnitude of negative deviation for binary mixture of ethanol and n-alkane decreases as chain length increases. At equimolar composition, Ks E follows the order: n-hexane > n-heptane >n-otcane > n-nonane > diisopropyl ether > cyclohexane. Experimental results were analyzed to understand the various molecular interactions present in the binary mixtures. The u values for all binary liquid solutions were also correlated using different empirical correlations such as Nomoto, impedence dependence relation and van Dael ideal mixing relation. The u for binary liquid mixtures were also computed theoretically using Schaaff′s collision factor theory. Free length theory was used to compute inter-molecular free length (Lf E ). Various correlations e.g., Arago-Biot (A-B), Gladstone-Dale (G-D), Heller (H), Lorentz-Lorentz (L-L), Eyring-John (E-J), Newton (Nw) and Weiner (W) were used for calculating refractive indices of selected systems theoretically.

Differential Expression of IFN-γ, IL-10, TLR1, and TLR2 and Their Potential Effects on Downgrading Leprosy Reaction and Erythema Nodosum Leprosum

Leprosy reactions are acute immunological events that occur during the evolution of chronic infectious disease causing neural damage and disabilities. A study using blood samples of 17 leprosy reaction patients and 17 reaction-free was carried out by means of associations between antigens, receptors, and expression of cytokines, using path analysis providing new insights into the immunological mechanisms involved in triggering leprosy reactions. Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as TLR1 and TLR2, presented balanced expression in the reaction-free multibacillary (MB) group (TLR1: 1.01±0.23, TLR2: 1.22±0.18; p=0.267). On the other hand, downgrading type 1 reaction (T1R) (TLR1: 1.24±0.17, TLR2: 2.88±0.37; p=0.002) and erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) (TLR1: 1.93±0.17, TLR2: 2.81±0.15; p=0.004) revealed an unbalance in relation to the expression of these receptors. When the path analysis was approached, it was noted that interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression showed a dependence relation with phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) in downgrading T1R (direct effect=0.503>residual effect=0.364), whereas in ENL, such relationship occurred with lipoarabinomannan (LAM) (direct effect=0.778>residual effect=0.280). On the contrary, in the reaction-free leprosy group, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels were dependent on the association between TLR2 and TLR1 (0.8735). The high TLR2 expression associated with IL-10 levels, in the leprosy reaction groups, may be hypothetically related to the formation of TLR2/2 homodimers and/or TLR2/6 heterodimers linked to evasion mechanisms in downgrading reactions and pathophysiology of ENL.

The Theo-Philosopher of Carlisle

Hastings Rashdall critiqued Henry Sidgwick’s inability to see that rational benevolence has primacy over rational self-love, so while recognizing the dualism of practical reason, Rashdall underscored the strength of at least certain versions of theism to account for the priority of benevolence and altruism. As both a moral apologist and kind of utilitarian, Rashdall also demonstrated that agreement on normative ethical matters is not a prerequisite for proponents of the moral argument. What’s needed more centrally is an essential dependence relation of morality on God, not agreement on the peripheral matter of fine-grained normative analysis. Rashdall argued that a generous empiricism won’t domesticate morality but will instead insist on allowing the deliverances of morality, the binding nature of the moral law, and the transcendent implications and aspirations of the moral good to inform his metaphysics. Like others, he thought the moral argument works best when combined with other pieces of natural theology.