Noise source importance in linear stochastic models of biological systems that grow, shrink, wander, or persist

While noise is an important factor in biology, biological processes often involve multiple noise sources, whose relative importance can be unclear. Here we develop tools that quantify the importance of noise sources in a network based on their contributions to variability in a quantity of interest. We generalize the edge importance measures proposed by Schmidt and Thomas [1] for first-order reaction networks whose steady-state variance is a linear combination of variance produced by each directed edge. We show that the same additive property extends to a general family of stochastic processes subject to a set of linearity assumptions, whether in discrete or continuous state or time. Our analysis applies to both expanding and contracting populations, as well as populations obeying a martingale (“wandering”) at long times. We show that the original Schmidt-Thomas edge importance measure is a special case of our more general measure, and is recovered when the model satisfies a conservation constraint

Enhancing ELECTRE I Method with Complex Spherical Fuzzy Information

This article is concerned to delineate the strategic approach of ELiminating Et Choice Translating REality (ELECTRE) method for multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) in terms of complex spherical fuzzy sets. The feasible, well-suited, and marvelous structure of complex spherical fuzzy set compliments the decision-making efficiency and ranking calibre of ELECTRE I approach to present a beneficial and supreme aptitude strategy for MAGDM. Beside the proposed methodology, a few non-fundamental properties of complex spherical fuzzy weighted averaging (CSFWA) operator inclusive of shift invariance, homogenous, linearity, and additive property are also explored. The proposed procedure validates the individual opinions into an acceptable form by the dint of CSFWA operator and the aggregated opinions are further analyzed by the proposed complex spherical fuzzy- ELECTRE I (CSF-ELECTRE I) method. Within the consideration of proposed methodology, normalized Euclidean distances of complex spherical fuzzy numbers are also contemplated. In CSF-ELECTRE I method, the score, accuracy, and refusal degrees determine the concordance and discordance sets for each pair of alternatives to calculate the concordance and discordance indices, respectively. Based on aggregated outranking matrix, a decision graph is constructed to attain the ELECTREcally outranked solutions and the best alternative. This article provides supplementary approach at the final step to profess a linear ranking order of the alternatives. The versatility and feasibility of the presented method are embellished with two case studies from the business and IT field. Moreover, to ratify the intensity and aptitude of the presented methodology, we provide a comparative study with complex spherical fuzzy-TOPSIS method.

Additive properties for the pseudo core inverse of morphisms in an additive category

In this paper, given a morhism [Formula: see text] with its pseudo core inverse [Formula: see text] and a morphism [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] is invertible, a necessary and sufficient condition and two sufficient conditions are presented under which the additive property, namely [Formula: see text] holds. Several interesting results about additive properties of core inverses of bounded linear operators presented in Huang et al. are generalized to the case of pseudo core inverse of morphism. Also, many results regarding additive properties of core-EP inverses of complex matrices studied by Ma and Stanimirović are extended to the cases of morphism.

A two-parameter entropy and its fundamental properties

This article proposes a new two-parameter generalized entropy, which can be reduced to the Tsallis and Shannon entropies for specific values of its parameters. We develop a number of information-theoretic properties of this generalized entropy and divergence, for instance, the sub-additive property, strong sub-additive property, joint convexity, and information monotonicity. This article presents an exposit investigation on the information-theoretic and information-geometric characteristics of the new generalized entropy and compare them with the properties of the Tsallis and Shannon entropies.

Tribological Properties of Ionic Liquids

Our main focus is to report the tribological properties of ionic liquids (ILs). Mainly, lubricating of ILs has been reported to understand the applicability of ionic liquids (ILs) in petroleum-based lubricant industry and energy conversion process as oil additive. The influence of counter parts of ILs on tribological property has been reported for designing efficient lubricating and oil-additive property of ILs. The effect of halogenated and nonhalogenated ILs on corrosion is also reported during tribological studies at different metal surface. Further, role of ILs as oil-additive has been discussed in terms of better tribological performance. Structure modification and role of anion on better performance of tribological property have been mentioned for enhancing effectiveness of lubricant and oil-additive properties. Origin of corrosion and thin film formation on metal surface are also discussed in detailed using different types of ILs and metal surfaces.

An Application of Non-additive Measures and Corresponding Integrals in Tourism Management

Non-additive measures and corresponding integrals originally have been introduced by Choquet in 1953 (1) and independently defined by Sugeno in 1974 (2) in order to extend the classical measure by replacing the additivity property to non-additive property. An important feature of non –additive measures and fuzzy integrals is that they can represent the importance of individual information sources and interactions among them. There are many applications of non-additive measures and fuzzy integrals such as image processing, multi-criteria decision making, information fusion, classification, and pattern recognition. This paper presents a mathematical model for discussing an application of non-additive measures and corresponding integrals in tourism management. First, the problem of tourism management is described for one of the tourism companies in Iraq. Then, fuzzy integrals (Sugeno integral, Choquet integral, and Shilkret integral) are applied with respect to non-additive measures to evaluate the grade of the gratification of the tourist of staying in a particular town for determining the best evaluation.

Analysis of Error Structure for Additive Biomass Equations on the Use of Multivariate Likelihood Function

Research Highlights: this study developed additive biomass equations respectively from nonlinear regression (NLR) on original data and linear regression (LR) on a log-transformed scale by nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression (NSUR). To choose appropriate regression form, the error structures (additive vs. multiplicative) of compatible biomass equations were determined on the use of the multivariate likelihood function which extended the method of likelihood analysis to the general occasion of a contemporaneously correlated set of equations. Background and Objectives: both NLR and LR could yield the expected predictions for allometric scaling relationship. In recent studies, there are vigorous debates on which regression (NLR or LR) should apply. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the error structure of a compatible system of biomass equations to choose more appropriate regression. Materials and Methods: based on biomass data of 270 trees for three tree species, additive biomass equations were developed respectively for NLR and LR by NSUR. Multivariate likelihood functions were computed to determine the error structure based on the multivariate probability density function. The anti-log correction factor which kept the additive property was obtained separately using the arithmetic and weighted average of basic correction factors from each equation to assess two model specifications on the comparably original scale. Results: the assumption of additive error structure was well favored for an additive system of three species based on the joint likelihood function. However, the error structure of each component equation calculated from the conditional likelihood function for compatible equations might be different. The performance of additive equations corrected by a weighted average of basic correction factor from each component equation performed better than that of the arithmetic average and held good property of compatibility after corrected. Conclusions: NLR provided a better fit for additive biomass equations of three tree species. Additive equations which confirmed the responding assumption of error structure performed better. The joint likelihood function on the use of the multivariate likelihood function could be used to analyze the error structure of the additive system which was a result of a tradeoff for each component equation. Based on the average of correction factors from each component equation to correct the bias of additive equations was feasible for the hold of additive property, which might lead to a poor correction effect for some component equation.

Sustainability risk management in a cooperative environment under uncertainty

Purpose This study considers a project scheduling model to assess the project risks and the impacts on project sustainability when subcontractors collaborate under uncertainty. Moreover, some allocation methods are applied for fair allocating utility of the project and supper-additivity, stability and satisfaction level of each coalition. Finally, sustainability concept is considered in risk assessment in all coalitions. Design/methodology/approach The proposed mathematical programming model evaluates project risks when the subcontractors cooperate with each other by sharing their limited resources. Then, some cooperative game theory methods are applied for fair allocation of net present value, of the cooperation and finally sustainability aspects (economic, social and environmental) are investigated in risk assessment for each possible coalition. Finding The results of the proposed model indicate that the subcontractors can increase their profit by 10 per cent ($14,028,450 thousand) and save the equilibrium between sustainability aspects especially in grand coalition. It means that subcontractors do not have incentive to leave the coalition and the supper-additive property is feasible. Furthermore, risk assessment shows that project risks have less impact on subcontractor profits when they cooperate with each other. Originality/value Sustainability aspects may be investigated in project management in previous studies, but the authors study sustainability indicators when subcontractors form a coalition and share their resources in response to the risks of availability to resources and delay in completing the project under uncertainty.