MOTIF KARGOISME DALAM CERITA RAKYAT FAKFAK: SEBUAH PENDEKATAN ANTROPOLOGI SASTRA/THE MOTIVATION OF CARGOISM IN FAKFAK'S FOLKLORE: AN APPROACH TO LITERATURE ANTHROPOLOGY

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis refleksi kargoisme di dalam cerita rakyat Fakfak melalui pendekatan antropologi sastra. Untuk menganalisis unsur budaya motif kargoisme (kultus kargo) masyarakat Fakfak dalam cerita rakyat, maka peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif interpretatif dengan memanfaatkan cara-cara penafsiran dan menyajikannya dalam bentuk deskripsi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara dan catat, kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan antropologi sastra dengan model analisis konten. Analisis konten dilakukan melalui tahap inferensi, analisis, validitas dan reliabilitas. Dari analisis diketahui bahwa motif kargoisme di dalam 6 cerita rakyat Fakfak yang berjudul “Botol Manci”, “Kisah Kaprangit Gewab”, “Sayap Burung Kasuari”, “Perlawanan Para Binatang Buruan””, Perundingan Sekelompok Burung”, dan “Pohon Kayu” terlihat jelas. Temuan ini mengukuhkan pernyataan bahwa setiap ada tindakan represif pasti akan timbul perlawanan. Oleh karena itu, tidak mengherankan jika sebagian besar cerita yang ada bermotif perlawanan. Kata kunci:motif kargoisme, cerita rakyat Fakfak, antropologi sastra AbstractThe study was intended to describe a cargoism reflection in the folklore of Fakfak through the approach of literary anthropology.To analyze cultural elements of Fakfak cargoism motive (cargo cult) in folklore, descriptive methods of interpretation used to utilize interpretations by presenting them in a description.Data collection is done with interview and recording techniques, and then analyzed using literary anthropology approaches with content analysis models. Analysis shows the cargoism motive in 6 Fakfak folklore called Botol Manci, Kisah Kaprangit Gewab, Patahnya Sayap Burung Kasuari, Perlawanan Para Binatang Buruan, Perundingan Sekelompok Burung, and Pohon Kayuclearly reflected. These findings confirm the claim that any repressive action will inevitably result in resistance. It is not suprising, therefore, that most stories have ulterior motives. Keywords:cargoism motive, Fakfak folklore, literarture anthropology

Religions with or without Sense of Humor: A Psychological Perspective

The contrast between Homo Ridens and Homo Religiosus is launched and followed by the tug of war between the laugh of God and the sin of laughter. Funniness in jokes with religious content is explored through the incongruity-resolution model developed by Suls, a psychologist expert in artificial intelligence: among the faithful abound believers whom it deems inappropriate the hilarious endings invented, with ulterior motives, by humorists. The transgression model in graphic design, elaborated by Alvarez Junco, provides the frame of reference to discern the camouflage of four frescos and a sculpture by Michelangelo, who knew more than he appeared, and was a dissident, but not a heretic. Humor cannot be reduced to jokes, and the taxonomy created by Long and Grasser (cognitive and experimental psychologists) has been used to accentuate the nexus between witticism in daily life interactions with religious connotations: their eleven categories have been portrayed using literary narratives authored by well-known European and Asian writers. Efforts have been made to draft them with the sense of humor that corresponds to the heading. Psychologists pay attention mainly to individual or group experiences, that is, religiosity. Artists have relied on camouflage to ensure that inquisitive persons do not react by penalizing.

Between History and Ancestral Lore: A Literary Approach to the Sīra’s Narratives of Political Assassinations

The assassinations of the Prophet Muḥammad’s antagonists were, according to the sīra, the harsh measures he took toward the consolidation of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. These incidents’ narratives are often labeled in modern scholarship as “completely free of any tendentiousness.” This contention seems, however, to be grounded in the lack of full cognizance of the sources’ ulterior motives and of the extent of literary devices deployed in the traditional biography of the Prophet. The present study identifies the topoi appearing in the murder accounts of the Prophet’s political opponents that shed light on the extent of these stories’ dependence on each other and on the possibility of literary borrowing between them. This analysis shows that the use of literary tools in the sources are more widespread than what may appear at first sight. Our accounts exhibit striking resemblances with one another in both form and content, a point seriously undermining the trustworthiness of the sīra as a straightforward source for reconstructing the Prophet’s life.

‘Stunt-Reading’

Chapter 2 offers the first full-scale treatment of Paul Muldoon as critic. It looks at his major works of literary criticism, from the F. W. Bateson Lecture ‘Getting Round’ and To Ireland, I to the later End of the Poem, and considers what these lecture series from his American years can tell us about Muldoon the reader, as well as the poet. Muldoon announces himself on the critical scene not only as a self-proclaimed ‘stunt reader’ but an extraordinarily Freudian thinker, who is unusually attentive to the kinds of veiled communication and word-association that might reveal a writer’s ulterior motives, resistances, or unconscious desires. But his offbeat, often knowingly mischievous performances in these lectures also suggest a basic distrust of the authority of the critical reader, and in turn raise questions about the kinds of reading his own poems are expected to elicit.

Determinants of Food Choice and Perceptions of Supermarket-Based Nudging Interventions among Adults with Low Socioeconomic Position: The SUPREME NUDGE Project

Nudging has received ample attention in scientific literature as an environmental strategy to promote healthy diets, and may be effective for reaching populations with low socioeconomic position (SEP). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate how the determinants of food choice shape the perceptions regarding supermarket-based nudging strategies among adults with low SEP. We conducted semi-structured interviews among fifteen adults with low SEP using a pre-defined topic list and visual examples of nudges. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and content analysis was used to analyse the data. The results show that food costs, convenience, healthiness, taste, and habits were frequently mentioned as determinants of food choice. However, the relative importance of these determinants seemed to be context-dependent. Interviewees generally had a positive attitude towards nudges, especially when they were aligned with product preferences, information needs, and beliefs about the food environment. Still, some interviewees also expressed distrust towards nudging strategies, suspecting ulterior motives. We conclude that nudging strategies should target foods which align with product preferences and information needs. However, the suspicion of ulterior motives highlights an important concern which should be considered when implementing supermarket-based nudging strategies.

No Good Deed Goes Unpunished: the social costs of prosocial behaviour

Performing costly helpful behaviours can allow individuals to improve their reputation. Those who gain a good reputation are often preferred as interaction partners and are consequently better able to access support through cooperative relationships with others. But investing in prosocial displays can sometimes yield social costs: excessively generous individuals risk losing their good reputation, and even being vilified, ostracised or antisocially punished. As a consequence, people frequently try to downplay their prosocial actions or hide them from others. In this review, we explore when and why investments in prosocial behaviour are likely to yield social costs. We propose two key features of interactions that make it more likely that generous individuals will incur social costs when: (i) observers infer that helpful behaviour is motivated by strategic or selfish motives; and (ii) observers infer that helpful behaviour is detrimental to them. We describe how the cognition required to consider ulterior motives emerges over development and how these tendencies vary across cultures – and discuss how the potential for helpful actions to result in social costs might place boundaries on prosocial behaviour as well as limiting the contexts in which it might occur. We end by outlining the key avenues and priorities for future research.

The Effect of Personal and Relationship Dynamics as it Relates to Customs of Gift Exchanging and Vice Versa

Gift giving practices vary across cultures, occasions, and sentiments. The practice of giving and receiving gifts is often associated with displays of affection; and socially speaking, portray care, love, commitment and security. The purpose of this paper is to focus on personal as well as relationship dynamics that effect gifting rituals within romantic relations and vice versa. In order to do this, I shall be reviewing and discussing present literature central to the topics of love languages, attachment styles, gifting perceptions, commitment, and ulterior motives; all of which play critical roles in personal and relationship development.

Can Elites Escape Blame by Explaining Themselves? Suspicion and the Limits of Elite Explanations

Holding elected officials accountable for their behavior in office is a foundational task facing citizens. Elected officials attempt to influence this accountability process by explaining their behavior with an eye toward mitigating the blame they might receive for taking controversial actions. This article addresses a critical limitation in the literature on elite explanation giving and accountability: the absence of attention to conflicting information regarding the official's behavior. The study shows across three pre-registered survey experiments that explanations are ineffective when other speakers offer counter-explanations that focus on the official's potential ulterior motives. It further demonstrates that this occurs even when the counter-explanation comes from a partisan source with low credibility. These results imply that elected officials enjoy less leeway for their actions than existing work allows, and highlight important tensions concerning the relationship between elite behavior and accountability processes.

European Court of Human Rights: review of the Grand Chamber judgment of 22 December 2020 in the case of Selahattin Demirtaş v. Turkey (No. 2) (application no. 14305/17)

In Selahattin Demirtaş v. Turkey (application no. 14305/17), the European Court of Human Rights considered the issue of pre-trial detention of a member of parliament, who at the time of the events was one of the co-chairs of the Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP), a left-wing pro-Kurdish political party. The arrest related to the exercise of his duties as an elected representative and restricts him to exercise parliamentary functions. The European Court pointed out the need for a well-founded crime by a parliamentarian, higher requirements for the analysis of evidence by courts in proceedings against current parliamentarians, and the inadmissibility of using detention on ulterior motives of suppressing pluralism and restricting freedom of the political debate. The Court revealed the presence of ulterior motives in the form of suppression of opposition from the circumstances of the arrest, the context of the criminal prosecution, and the conclusions of international organizations. The court also noted that the right to free elections is not limited to simply being able to take part in parliamentary elections; a person also has the right, after being elected, to take part in the activities of parliament and to take part in its sessions. The possibility to participate in parliamentary debates in writing is not enough. In the context of the admissibility of the complaint, the Court also noted that the complaint to the Inter-Parliamentary Union is not “the subject of “another procedure of international investigation or settlement”, since it does not adjudicate a dispute between an individual and a state based on a legal instrument by which States have agreed to recognize its authority to do so in respect of certain clearly defined rights, and therefore does not prevent the filing of an application with the Court.

The Death of Language: Listening to the Echoes (of Georges Bataille) in "Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II—The Sith Lords"

This article is, firstly, an analysis of Kreia, a character from the Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II—The Sith Lords video game, a character whose role in the game is pivotal: the conversations the player has with Kreia serve as the main narrative basis for the entire game experience. Secondly, on the basis of a collection of quotations from these conversations, this article juxtaposes Kreia and Georges Bataille. An intriguing variant of the blind seer trope is revealed in Kreia through studying the game’s poetics, in which a focus on the sense of hearing is discerned. Kreia and Bataille are compared in their understandings of the universe, and a similarity between their ulterior motives is discovered: both of them struggled against something which was considered to be an inextricable element of their respective universes.