The process-disruption hypothesis: how spelling and typing skill affects written composition process and product

This study investigates the possibility that lack of fluency in spelling and/or typing disrupts writing processes in such a way as to cause damage to the substance (content and structure) of the resulting text. 101 children (mean age 11 years 10 months), writing in a relatively shallow orthography (Norwegian), composed argumentative essays using a simple text editor that provided accurate timing for each keystroke. Production fluency was assessed in terms of both within-word and word-initial interkey intervals and pause counts. We also assessed the substantive quality of completed texts. Students also performed tasks in which we recorded time to pressing keyboard keys in response to spoken letter names (a keyboard knowledge measure), response time and interkey intervals when spelling single, spoken words (spelling fluency), and interkey intervals when typing a simple sentence from memory (transcription fluency). Analysis by piecewise structural equation modelling gave clear evidence that all three of these measures predict fluency when composing full text. Students with longer mid-word interkey intervals when composing full text tended to produce texts with slightly weaker theme development. However, we found no other effects of composition fluency measures on measures of the substantive quality of the completed text. Our findings did not, therefore, provide support for the process-disruption hypothesis, at least in the context of upper-primary students writing in a shallow orthography.

Status of Professional Skills in MBA Graduates, Its Challenges, and Way Forward in Kathmandu Valley: Evidence from Professional Skill Index

Today's MBA courses are continuous preparation-based teaching-learning practice to meet the requirements that industries expect from MBA graduates and further enhance their skills and knowledge that would aid them to fit in the job market. Thus, this study tries to assess the status of professional skills in MBA graduates, its challenges, and the way forward with the help of a professional skill index. Based on descriptive analysis, this study is conducted among 280 employers who employ MBA graduates, and a structured questionnaire was applied to collect information. The purposive sampling method was used to select the samples of 280. The study is conducted in Kathmandu valley as many MBA colleges and banks, finance companies, insurance companies, industries, and many private companies are located in Kathmandu valley. So, the graduates also choose Kathmandu valley in the maximum number to pursue their further career. The study's findings revealed that professional skills are generally looked up into hard skills and soft skills, and 100% of organizations look for professional skills possessed by candidates while hiring them. However, they give 100% attention to soft skills possessed by MBA graduates and 99.2% attention to hard skills possessed. In soft skills, an organization thinks communication skills are must by graduates, whereas they prioritize typing skills hard skill. Therefore, this study concludes that MBA students and colleges should focus on enhancing graduates' communication skills. Likewise, being in today's computerized business world typing skill is a must for graduates. Finally, MBA graduates must develop professional attributes among themselves to fit in today's job market

Relationship between the kinematics of wrist/finger joint movements and muscle loading during typing in people with different skill levels

Background Musculoskeletal disorders caused by computer use are associated with socio-economic problems. Reducing the biomechanical loading caused by hand movements could reduce the occurrence of such disorders. However, most participants recruited for past experimental studies had a certain level of typing skill, and differences in the biomechanical loading of those with different typing skills have not been examined. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between the movements of the wrist and finger joints and the loading on the forearm muscles and to clarify the differences between typists of different skill levels. Methods A 3D motion capture system measured wrist and index finger joint movements, and surface electromyography measured muscle activities for the right hand during a typing task. We compared wrist and finger joint movements and forearm muscle loading during typing, keystroke time, and key release time between skilled and unskilled typists. Findings Skilled typists move their wrists and fingers faster with less muscle activity during typing, the active tension of their finger flexor muscles during keystrokes are high, and they have higher mechanical stresses on the finger flexor tendons during keystrokes. Unskilled typists develop strategies to prevent excessive stiffness in their wrist joints when making keystrokes. They are expected to have a higher cumulative loading on the extensor muscles of the wrist during key release. Interpretation Biomechanical loading in typing skill is different, which may make it possible to predict disability. This could provide information on the changes in physical parameters and environments to prevent disability.

Pelatihan Pengenalan Aplikasi Perkantoran (Typing Master dan Microsoft Word) Bagi Remaja Karang Taruna RW. 08 Kelurahan Cinere Kecamatan Cinere Depok Jawa Barat

This training aims to improve the ten finger blind / blind system typing skill and be able to apply it to Microsoft Word application programs to be able to help quickly complete the administrative activities of the organization Karang Taruna RW.08 in the Cinere Sub-District Cinere Sub-District Depok West Java. By using the lecture method, practice and question and answer results in increased knowledge and understanding of youth youth related to material and practice as well as increased speed and accuracy in the process of making documents in Microsoft Word. From the results of the community service activities, it can be concluded that the knowledge and understanding of youth in youth has increased. Thus the skills of youth youth in utilizing the typing master application program and its application to Microsoft word also increased.