PREPARATION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA (WILD) MIERS EX. HOOK F. & THOMS.: AN AYURVEDA FORMULATION

Guduchi is an important Rasayan drug in Ayurveda. It is used different dosage forms to cure diseases. Guduchi is described in our classics to cure the various types of diseases i.e., Kamala, prameha, vatrakata, etc. it is used by the patient there in a suitable form. So, the requirement of the patient and good palatable, it is converted into a suitable form by using various types of methods. In Ayurveda, five major Kalpana which are called Pancvidha Kashaya Kalpana is described first in Charak Samhita. Another minor Kalpana like vati, churna, ghana, sandhan Kalpana is derived from panchvidha kashaya Kalpana. Guduchi Ghana is an important and unique preparation of Ayurveda. It is prepared from an aqueous extract of Guduchi. It is the secondary Kalpana which is derived from the primary Kalpana kwatha. In the present study preparation of Guduchi Ghana according to classical text “Siddha Yoga Sangraha” by Acharya Yadavji Trikamji. Guduchi is a soft drug so, water has been taken for the preparation of kwatha is four-time to Guduchi Dravya. When a confirmatory test of kwatha or reduced 1⁄4, it was filtered with the help of the cloth. After filtered, it was kept on the heat for preparation of Ghana. End of the whole procedure, the dark brown and sticky nature of Ghana was obtained. It is bitter and not specific smell. It has taken 5-6 hrs to complete the process. In the initial raw material has been taken 1.5 kg and the final product is obtained about 105gm. Keywords: Guduchi, Rasayan, Prameha, Kashaya Kalpana, Kwatha. etc.

EXAMINING THE GATEWAY HYPOTHESIS OF DRUG USE IN INDONESIA

Background: Drug misuse is a global threat, including in Indonesia. Solving issues of drug use is by understanding the drug patterns. One of the important concepts related to public policy in drug addiction is the gateway hypothesis. However, not all researchers support this theory as the initation of drug use is debatable in terms of how a person starts to consume tobacco and alcohol, marijuana, and then other drugs.Aim: This study identified a initiation sequence of drug use, particularly the gateway from soft to hard drugs and its reverse from hard to soft drug patterns.Methods: This study employed a dataset of drug user patients aged 14–67 years from the Rehabilitation Center of National Narcotics Board in 2014-2018. The dataset was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Purposive sampling was utilized in the sample selection. The dataset was divided into three subsamples to identify the pattern. The subsamples included regular soft-drug users, regular intermediate-drug users, and regular hard-drug users. This study used a quantitative method and cross-tabulation approach along with descriptive statistics.Results: Most of the drug users began consuming intermediate drugs and then soft drugs. Only early users followed the gateway pattern, while those in the intermediate and hard drug pattern mostly did not have the gateway pattern.Conclusion: A policy about prevention of soft drug use (marijuana) in early use may be effective to reduce harder drug use in the future.Keywords: drug use, gateway hypothesis, reversal pattern

The marketing analysis of the market of medicines for the treatment of the wound process and burn disease at the hospital stage in the military personnel

Aim. To summarize the list of medicines that can be used at various stages of the treatment of burn disease and wound healing at the hospital stage in the military personnel; conduct the marketing analysis of the Ukrainian market of these medicines in order to determine the feasibility of creating an ointment for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases and burns. Materials and methods. The study objects were the “State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine” information and search system and the Compendium. When conducting our studies the following scientific and system-review methods of the information search were used: bibliographic, documentary, content analysis, comparison method, system analysis, marketing research. Results. As a result of the study of the range of drugs for wound healing presented at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine, it has been found that 64 % are drugs of the Ukrainian production, foreign drugs are 36 %. The distribution of soft drug forms registered in Ukraine has been carried out by pharmacological groups; it has been found that the percentage of antimicrobial and antifungal drugs is almost the same (15.8 % and 15.2 %, respectively). Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs predominate over nonsteroidal ones (14.9 % and 11.4 %, respectively). The studies conducted have shown that at the domestic market there are many drugs of foreign production, which have no Ukrainian analogs. The marketing research has shown that combined drugs are more effective for the treatment of burns. They act simultaneously in several directions and facilitate the healing process. Among the drugs considered combined medicines occupy 42 %, while the share of monocomponent drugs is 58 %. The amount of synthetic drugs is 88 % and significantly exceeds the number of herbal medicines (12 %). Conclusions. The concept and methodology for the treatment of burns are summarized. It has been determined that the drugs of choice are complex soft drug forms. As a result of the marketing research on the structure and nomenclature of soft drug forms it has been found that at the domestic pharmaceutical market soft drug forms of foreign production is 36 %, and domestic ones – 64 %. It has been determined that the number of drugs for local wound healing is about 6 % of the total range of soft drug forms and presented mainly by monocomponent drugs (58 %). The analysis of the range of drugs with the anti-burn and antiseptic action by dosage forms has shown that ointments are the largest share – 67%, drugs in the form of creams – 18%. Key words: marketing analysis; servicemen; burn disease; wound process; hospital stage of treatment.

A capsaicinoid-based soft drug, AG1529, for attenuating TRPV1-mediated histaminergic and inflammatory sensory neuron excitability

TRPV1, a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, is a nonselective calcium permeable ion channel gated by physical and chemical stimuli. In the skin, TRPV1 plays an important role in neurogenic inflammation, pain and pruritus associated to many dermatological diseases. Consequently, TRPV1 modulators could represent pharmacological tools to respond to important patient needs that still represent an unmet medical demand. Previously, we reported the design of capsaicinoid-based molecules that undergo dermal deactivation (soft drugs), thus preventing their long-term dermal accumulation. Here, we investigated the pharmacological properties of the lead antagonist, 2-((4-hydroxy-2-iodo-5-methoxybenzyl) amino)-2-oxoethyl dodecanoate (AG1529), on heterologously expressed human TRPV1 (hTRPV1), on nociceptor excitability and on an in vivo model of acute pruritus. We report that AG1529 competitively blocked capsaicin-evoked activation of hTRPV1 with micromolar potency, moderately affected pH-induced gating, and did not alter voltage- and heat-mediated responses. AG1529 displays modest receptor selectivity as it mildly blocked recombinant hTRPA1 and hTRPM8 channels. In primary cultures of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, AG1529 potently reduced capsaicin-evoked neuronal firing. AG1529 exhibited lower potency on pH-evoked TRPV1 firing, and TRPA1-elicited nociceptor excitability. Furthermore, AG1529 abolished histaminergic and inflammation mediated TRPV1 sensitization in primary cultures of DRG neurons. Noteworthy, dermal wiping of AG1529, either in an acetone-based formulation or in an anhydrous ointment, dose-dependently attenuated acute histaminergic itch in a rodent model. This cutaneous anti-pruritic effect was devoid of the normal nocifensive action evoked by the burning sensation of capsaicin. Taken together, these preclinical results unveil the mode of action of AG1529 on TRPV1 channels and substantiate the tenet that this capsaicinoid-based soft drug is a promising candidate for drug development as a topical anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory medication.

Recent advances in intravenous anesthesia and anesthetics

Anesthesiology, as a field, has made promising advances in the discovery of novel, safe, effective, and efficient methods to deliver care. This review explores refinement in the technology of soft drug development, unique anesthetic delivery systems, and recent drug and device failures.