Cognitive Psychotherapy Techniques as a Means of Overcoming Negative Experiences of Students

Introduction. Today, cognitive therapy is one of the main methods of the cognitive-behavioral approach in psychotherapy, which is one of the leading areas of psychotherapy in the world. Cognitive psychotherapy effectively fights patients’ emotional and personal problems based on the assumption that the causes of a person’s psychological problems lie in thinking errors. Students and young people in general are one of those age groups that, due to a number of objective and subjective reasons experiences special internal conflicts and difficulties. The purpose of the article is to identify the negative experiences of students and the use of cognitive psychotherapy techniques when working with them. Materials and Methods. The solution of research problems was provided by a set of complementary theoretical (analysis of scientific, methodological literature on the studied problem, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization) and empirical (testing, forming an experiment, calculation of rank correlation coefficient) methods. Results. The following problems were identified that are sources of negative experiences among students: problems associated with professional identification; problems associated with disappointment in the chosen specialty; problems in interpersonal relationships associated with avoiding intimacy; problems in interpersonal relationships associated with a strong sense of jealousy; a number of specific problems associated with specific irrational ideas or cognitive distortions. The developed training of rational thinking and recommendations for improving the processes of psychotherapy, psycho correction and psychological counseling, which can be used by the psychological services of universities, are presented. Discussion and Conclusions. The expected effect of the implementation of psycho-therapeutic work based on cognitive therapy techniques is to reduce the level of anxiety, negative feelings of students, increase their self-esteem, which creates a favorable psychological basis for educational activities. The provisions and conclusions create the prerequisites for further studying the potential of cognitive psychotherapy in the practical aspects of normalizing the psychological health of various social and age groups.

Introduction

Three theories of distributive justice are introduced: the maximin/leximin theory, egalitarianism, and utilitarianism (with or without a prioritarian amendment). A methodology for assessing their plausibility is adumbrated: applied ethics turned upside down. This means arranging with crucial thought experiments where we reach conflicting verdicts from the theories. We confront the verdicts with the content of our considered intuitions. Roughly speaking, an intuition is taken to be ‘considered’ if it has survived cognitive psychotherapy, where we have learnt all we can about its causal origin. The theory that provides the best explanation of the content of our considered intuition gains support from the experiment. A nice aspect of thought experiments, it is noted, is that we are all capable of repeating them for ourselves.

Analysis of the results of the program of cognitive psychotherapy to patients with cancer

The dynamics of clinical and psychological indicators in patients with primary diagnosed oncological diseases, which was carried out a program of medical and psychological rehabilitation, including a short course of group and individual cognitive psychotherapy, at the stage of basic treatment after surgery. The result was significant compared to the control group changes: reduction of indicators of situational anxiety and depression, improvement of somatic well-being and quality of life (emotional and social functioning), reduction of fatigue, pain and improved appetite. Patients who underwent a program of psychotherapy, subjectively noted better tolerability of physical discomfort associated with the ongoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

DEVELOPING A MODEL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY BASED ON INDONESIA ISLAMIC’ VALUES ON TERRORIST

<p class="abstrak" align="center">High rate of <em>recidivism</em> on terrorists indicates the weakness of deradicalization programs. This study aims to offer a solution through development of a cognitive psychotherapy which based on Indonesia Islam values. The integration among Islam, culture and psychotherapy is able to help the terrorists to identify and restructure their cognitive that causes their emotion and destructive behaviors. This qualitivative study mixes between literature and phenomenology approaches. This study found that there are conflicting differences between the views of the terrorists and ijtihad of Indonesia <em>Ulama</em> regarding khilafah, jihad and takfiri concepts. In Addition, the model of cognitive psychotherapy based on Indonesian Islamic values was developed by content analysis and its implementation followed several systematic procedures such as anamnesis, assessment, diagnosis, intervention, result of intervention, follow up. Embracing humantic approach and <em>collaborative Empiricism</em> procesures enable the therapy effectively internalize Indonesia Islamic values such as Tasamuh (tolerance), Tawasuth (moderate), Tawazun (balanced), 'Adalah (Justice) and Ukhuwah (Brotherhood), which includes ukhuwah Islamiyah (other Muslims), Ukhuwah Wathoniyah (fellow citizens), Ukhuwah basyariah (fellow citizens) for the terrorists. These values could be intentionally internalized by terrorist itself and threfore it would be effective model to modify terrorists’ destructive thought schemas (cognitive), emotion and behavior to be adaptive. </p><p><em> </em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em><br /></em></strong><em></em><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em> </em></p><p class="abstrak" align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p> </p><p class="abstrak">Residivisme pelaku terorisme yang tinggi menunjukkan kelemahan program deradikalisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menawarkan konstruksi <em>model</em> psikoterapi kognitif berbasis nilai Islam Indonesia sebagai salah satu solusi. Sebuah integrasi antara Islam, budaya dan psikoterapi dalam membantu pelaku terorisme mengidentifikasi dan merestrukturisasi kognitif yang menjadi penyebab emosi dan perilaku destruktif. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan perpaduan studi literatur dan fenomenologi. Hasil penelitian menemukan adanya perbedaan pandangan yang kontradiktif antara pelaku terorisme dan ijtihad Ulama Nusantara mengenai konsep khilafah, Jihad dan Takfiri. Selain itu model psikoterapi kognitif berbasis nilai Islam Indonesia dihasilkan melalui pengujian isi serta menerapkan beberapa prosedur atau tahapan yang sistematis yaitu anamnesis, pemeriksaan, diagnosis, kontruksi model terapi, hasil intervensi dan tindak lanjut. Melalui pendekatan humanis dan prosedur <em>collaborative Empiricism</em> terapi ini memungkinkan nilai-nilai Islam Indonesia yang mengedepankan <em>Tasamuh</em> (toleransi), <em>Tawasuth</em> (moderat), <em>Tawazun</em> (berimbang),<em>‘ Adalah</em> (Keadilan), dan <em>Ukhuwah</em> (Persaudaraan) yang meliputi <em>ukhuwah Islamiyah </em>(sesama Islam), <em>Ukhuwah Wathoniyah</em> (Sesama warga negara), <em>Ukhuwah basyariah</em> (sesama umat manusia) dapat terinternalisasi dengan kesadaran dan tanggung jawab dari pelaku teroris itu sendiri, serta dapat efektif mengubah skema berpikir,emosi dan perilaku teroris menjadi adaptif.</p><p> </p>

«ВСЕ В МОЕЙ ЖИЗНИ ТАК СКЛАДЫВАЛОСЬ, ЧТОБЫ Я ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНО СТАЛ ПСИХОЛОГОМ»: НЕСКОЛЬКО ШТРИХОВ К ПОРТРЕТУ Г. В. ЗАЛЕВСКОГО, "Методология и история психологии"

The article is devoted to the 80th anniversary of Genrikh Vladislavovich Zalevsky, the famous Russian psychologist. The main milestones of the scientist's biography, the time of his formation as a psychologist, the influence of his teacher M. S. Rogovin are traced. The most important researches of the scientist are: "Fixed Forms of Behavior" (1976), "Theoretical Foundations of Psychological and Psychopathological Research" (co-authored with M. S. Rogovin) (1988), "Mental Rigidity in Norm and Pathology" (1993), "Foundations of Contemporary Behavioral-Cognitive Psychotherapy and Counseling" (2002), "Brief Russian-English-German Dictionary on Psychology" (2004), "Introduction to Clinical Psychology" (2006), "Psychological Supervision: State of the Art and Prospects" (2008), etc. The main directions of research, organizational, publishing and pedagogical activities are covered. The main directions of G. V. Zalevsky's scientific activities include methodology and theory of psychological science (in particular, the study of psychological knowledge types, methods of psychology, the problem of explanation, the correlation of psychological and psychopathological research), history ofpsychology, and various fields of clinical psychology. G. V. Zalevsky is the creator and editor-in-chief of the authoritative "Siberian Psychological Journal".