Hydraulic Fracturing Design Optimization Guidelines for Heterogeneous Reservoir

This paper describes the journey of hydraulic fracturing design solutions and implementation in Khazzan field. More than 100 wells have been stimulated with hydraulic fracturing in the field in the last decade. Most of these wells were treated with a single-stage massive propped hydraulic fracturing treatment aimed at stimulating the entire vertical productive zone in a single treatment. More recently, hydraulic fracturing has begun on the southern acreage from Khazzan, referred to as Ghazeer. Producing layers in this area are thicker and higher permeability and, as a result, more prolific. Based on the available data and experiences, the establishment of clear guidelines has become a requirement to help the understanding and adjust the hydraulic fracturing design for each well to be become a well-specific optimum design. During the stimulation journey, surveillance techniques have been utilized and implemented in the Khazzan and Ghazeer fields to provide and develop better understanding of the fracture propagation process. These data have proven essential to support stimulation design evolvement and determine if multiple fracturing stages are justified or whether a single stage would be sufficient. Based on a wide range of hydraulic fracture stimulation operations performed across the Khazzan and Ghazeer fields, a flowchart was developed to integrate all the lessons learned from the previous experience and help optimize future fracture design. Clear guidelines include the rationale between the selection of single or multiple fracturing stages, the selection of optimal pad fractions, and other associated details of the fracture design. This flowchart has been extensively validated with surveillance and has proven its inherent value in many stimulated wells, with either single or multiple proppant fracturing stages.

Manuscript Title: Unlocking New/Missed Reservoir Zones at Shallow Depth Based on Integrating Post-Hydraulic Fracture Performance with Reservoir, Petrophysics, and Geology Data

Skhidno-Poltavske Field is a Ukrainian gas field producing mostly from commingled wells. These commingled wells have no information about the production split and the pressure data measured for each formation separately. This was one of the main challenges to study the field and understand the potential of each individual formation. Many wells were hydraulically fractured (HF) and showed a wide range of production and pressure performance after the stimulation. Six of these HF wells showed atypical pressure and production behavior after the HF compared to the rest of the wells. The main challenge in the reservoir simulation study was to understand whether these HFs reached isolated lateral segments of the same producing zones or accessed other reservoir zones by/due to vertical propagation of the hydraulic fracture plane. Understanding the pressure and production performance of these wells and comparing them to the other wells was the key to revealing their behavior. This was integrated with the petrophysical data to understand the potential formations and the uncertainty range of their properties. The geomodeling was the destination to translate these uncertainties into different realizations that were all dynamically tested to generate the most probable realization. The integration between different domains resulted in unlocking an overlooked productive zone that was out of consideration. This increased the reserves of this field and extended its life. One of the study recommendations was to test and develop this formation through perforating the existing wells or drilling new wells targeting the overlooked productive zone.

Oil Field Downhole Drone

The downhole drone is directed toward an autonomous Oil & Gas (O&G) utilization of a drone in subsurface wells. The autonomous submersible O&G drone comprises a circular shaped housing, a propulsion system with one or more spinner blades located at the front and rear sides driven by electromotors that can pivot along the axis of drone for locomotion determination and a control package unit: wireless transponder, power, control and data storage and sensors. Existing technologies for surveying, such as production logging conveyed into the wellbore by coiled tubing limits wellbore access due to factors such as the length and size of wellbore, the trajectory/inclination. These factors, and in situ environmental parameters, may limit and restrict access surveying the entire wellbore via existing technologies. This adaptable for wellbore surveillance and logging includes: body, circular structure for stabilization, rechargeable spinners, digital temperature and pressure, gradiometer, gyroscope and wireless communication package. The drone is dropped into the well from the surface under shut in conditions and falls by gravity into the lowest section of the hole. The implementation associates with minimization of man-hours with cost avoidance. The concept has a positive influence on the environment since personnel will be less exposed to hydrocarbons, especially hazardous gases such as Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide. The autonomous, remotely guided downhole drone surveys a predetermined area in the downhole well environment to collect well production data in terms of fluid entry/exit from the well bore, velocity as the well is in production or shut in conditions. Data such as: flow rate, temperature & pressure profiling and leak deduction. The drone moves into the production section of the well by its own propulsion as directed by the surface control system. At selected locations, it stops and takes measurements by rotating two propulsion spinners that are rechargeable; converting mechanical energy into electrical. Pressure, temperature and gradiometer information is collected continuously as the drone is propelled through the productive zone as well as when stationary. Upon completion of required data collection through the productive zone, the vehicle is simply lifted out of the hole by the flow of the well assisted by the propulsion system as required. The future of fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0) was paved commencing from the pioneering realization of the value of well intervention. This invention has a magnificent contribution in cost saving, conveyance methodologies improvement, personnel safety, energy conservation, downhole visualization and perpetuating the investment in the human capital.

In the Christian Archives: Sacrifice, the Higher Criticism, and the History of Religion

Much recent scholarship has shown just how indebted the secular sciences of religion were to the Protestant world from which they grew. Yet this “Protestant world” is typically described schematically, as if Protestantism offered a coherent worldview or even a consistent set of doctrines. A different picture emerges if we deepen our historical horizon, and explore the reflexes, aspirations, and norms that have found a home in the Christian (in this case, Protestant) theological imagination. This “Christian archive” was a heterogeneous place, with room for many things that we would now call secular or even profane. Protestant reform in fact began by condemning this heterogeneity, insisting that much of what the church had come to see was sacred was, at best, only and all too human. Yet centuries of conflict in Europe over the truth of Christianity only pluralized this archive further. The nineteenth-century history of religion grew less out of “Protestantism,” in other words, than out of the sedimented mixture of theological, historical, philological, and anthropological materials inherited from these earlier moments. It was, moreover, also an intellectual project that discovered new uses for these materials and thereby opened new horizons of humanistic inquiry. This article makes this argument with reference to sacrifice—a theological challenge for Christian thinkers from the outset of the tradition, but especially for Protestants; a magnet for diverse historical, anthropological, and theological reflections; and a productive zone of inquiry for the nineteenth-century German philosophers, philologians, and “higher critics” of the Hebrew Bible who together helped create the modern history of religion.

Performance Indices of a Combined Tillage Machine for the Incorporation of Leguminous Green Manure at Appropriate Depth

Background: The decomposition rate of biomass depends significantly on soil properties and on the design of the machine used for incorporation. Well-chopped biomass, incorporated in a productive zone with uniform mixing, gives better results instead of placing longer stalks on or near the field surface. Methods: In the field experiments conducted during 2017 and 2018, interaction of soil and biomass, placed at various depths in sandy loam soil, was studied 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 days after incorporation (DAI). Further, mechanical incorporation of green manure crop with innovative two-bottom combined tillage machine, namely biomass incorporator, was studied at different levels of soil type, plant height, forward speed and rotor speed.Result: The depth range of 70-140 mm was found most appropriate for incorporation to achieve a higher decomposition rate. Plant stem of 50 days old dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) crop decomposed by 13.0, 31.5, 29.25, 24.25 and 22.05% at depth range 0-70 (D1), 70-140 (D2), 140-210 (D3), 210-280 (D4) and 280-350 (D5) mm, respectively 10 DAI. About 55% of the biomass, incorporated at depth range D2, got decomposed 40 DAI. The average depth of placement of biomass with biomass incorporator ranged between 92 and 131 mm. The soil pulverization index and crop mixing index with the machine varied from 3.58 to 30.65 mm and 93.62 to 98.05%, respectively. The surface profile coefficient with the machine ranged between 24.2 and 50.6 mm. The efficient mixing of the biomass into the soil with thorough coverage of pulverized soil was achieved with rational field undulation.

Identification of Cementing Quality and Hydraulic Seal at Hydrocarbon Zone in F Field

<em>Cement analysis needs to be done on wells that have decreased production and there is additional water production. The longer the well is produced, the water will approach and even reach the perforation zone which results in the water being produced. Several steps must be proposed in knowing and handling water production in wells, in addition to collecting data from wells and reservoirs in full, analysis of problems related to mechanics such as cementing analysis needs to be done to determine the possibility of leakage, microannulus or channeling. The method used is quantitative, by comparing the amount of water production in two wells and its relation to the hydraulic seal formed in the cement. The analysis was carried out on two wells, namely F-3 and F-4. F-3 wells produce large amounts of water, namely 1168 BWPD. This is possible considering the position of this well adjacent to the water zone. And based on the analysis carried out, the hydraulic seal on the F-3 well has not yet been formed making it possible for direct contact between the productive zone and the water zone. Water production in F-4 wells is 35 BWPD. The low water production in these wells can also be assumed due to the formation of hydraulic seals in cementing. Looking at the data above, it can be concluded that without the formation of hydraulic seals on the F-3 wells, secondary cementing needs to be done to close the cementing which is not good so that there is no leakage anymore and there is no communication between the productive zone and the water zone.</em>

KARAKTERISASI RESERVOAR MELALUI ANALISIS PETROFISIKA BERDASARKAN DATA LOG SUMUR “TRD” FORMASI AIR BENAKAT

The research area was located in South Sumatra Basin on Air Benakat Formation at South-East Jambi Province. The research conducted to know productive the interest zone by petrophysics analysis (volume shale water saturation, and porosity) and its characteristics by well-log. The lithology of TRD Well is sandstone with a few foraminifera. The interpretation based on the petrophysical analysis porosity of the 7th zone on TRD-10 is average 12,4%, saturation water 19,4% and volume shale 6,2%; the 7th zone on TRD-11 well is average porosity 16,2%, saturation water 41,3%, and volume shale 22%; the 11th zone on TRD-14 well is average porosity 33,2%, saturation water 21,2% and volume shale 1,2%; The 6th zone TRD-15 well, porosity 7,02%, saturation water 32,3% and volume shale 5,6%; On the TRD-17 well of the 7th zone is average the porosity 9,04%, saturation water 25,6% and volume shale 4,6%; and 4th zone of TRD-19 well, porosity 23,2% Saturation water 13,5% and volume shale 7,1%. The characteristics of hydrocarbon reservoir on TRD Wells have low water saturation is less than 50%, porosity more than 5% and volume shale less than 25%. From the result of petrophysics parameter value used as the indicator of the productive zone and interpreted that sand reservoir on well TRD has potentially for the reservoir zone with gas prospect.

ESTIMASI KANDUNGAN SERPIH (Vsh), POROSITAS EFEKTIF (∅e) DAN SATURASI AIR (Sw) UNTUK MENGHITUNG CADANGAN HIDROKARBON PADA RESERVOAR LIMESTONE LAPANGAN “PRB” DI SUMATERA SELATAN MENGGUNAKAN DATA LOG DAN PETROFISIKA

Log and petrophysics data of research area are that located in South Sumatera Basin, exactly at formation Baturaja will be used for counting the hydrocarbon stock in research field. There are 3 the well datas prosessed to determine the prospect layer of hydrocarbon and estimate the hydrocarbon stock in the productive zone by using 1 petrophysic data from well PRB-3. In order to determine the productive zone of hydrocarbon, the first thing to do is to determine the petrophysics parameters. Parameters used is shale content, effective porosity and water saturation. The value of shale content on “PRB” field shows that reservoir is clean from shale minerals. But, based on the saturation of water, type hydrocarbon in reservoir it is natural gas. Based value of three parameters last, the field “PRB” having 6 zone productive hydrocarbon in each ecploratory wells. Then, determine zone net pay that had been determined by using the cut-off of shale content which is 8% it means hydrocarbon will be produced if the value of shale content under 8%, effective porosity is 5% it means hydrocarbon will be produced if the value of porosity of effective larger than 5% and water saturation is 70% it means that the value of water saturation on field “PRB” must be less than 70% that hydrocarbon can be produced. Average thickness of the net pay in well PRB-1 is 6.78 meter. In well PRB-2, the average thickness is 7.37 meter while in well PRB-3 it is 3,825 meter. The average thickness from those three wells is 3,005 meter. The mean effective porosity of those 3 wells is 8,1% and the mean water saturation is 27,2%. Gas volume formation factor (Bg) is 0,0226 bbl/SCF which the area width is 28 km2. Natural gas stock (OGIP) in this research area is 7,764 BSCF.

Climatic changes in the abundance of anchovy in the Southeast Pacific ocean

The article discusses the issue of the relationship between climate change and the productivity of oceanic ecosystems. The data on the course of the number of commercial populations in the productive zone of the ocean are analyzed. Comparison of data on climate fluctuations and populations of commercial fish over a period of 16 years, which will reveal the conjugation of climate fluctuations and fish productivity. On the basis of the results obtained, a model is proposed for predicting the abundance of a commercial species for several years, depending on the climate. The results obtained provide an answer to the question of whether long-term fluctuations in the abundance of commercial species are influenced by the climate or large-scale fishing.