habitat depth
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2021 ◽  
Vol 944 (1) ◽  
pp. 012032
Author(s):  
A Sunuddin ◽  
K von Juterzenka ◽  
L M I Sani ◽  
H Madduppa

Abstract The study was conducted to describe the seahorse species based on morphological and molecular characters. The pygmy seahorse in Panggang Island in Kepualuan Seribu was discovered in October 2011. The species was allegedly identified as Hippocampus denise (Family: Syngnathidae) described by Lourie and Randall which published in 2003. The high similarity is based on small morphometric, orange-like color and its association with sea fan Annella sp. Their habitat is fairly shallow at a depth between 13-24 meters compared with their sister species observed in Bali, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi. The phylogenetic analysis constructed with several sequence data of Hippocampus spp. from Genbank shows that sample collected from Panggang Island is in the same clade with Hippocampus denise with 100% bootstrap value. BLAST analysis result also showed a high maximum similar identity (>99%) with the species Hippocampus denise. The seahorse specimen described in this study has a common typology of habitat with Hippocampus denise. This study shows that genetic analysis to determine the Hippocampus denise can be carried out to support species recognition, especially for cryptic species such as Hippocampus spp. There are variations in morphometric and habitat depth levels, indicating local adaptation of pygmy seahorses to the Kepulauan Seribu reefs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Machalski ◽  
Krzysztof Owocki ◽  
Zofia Dubicka ◽  
Oksana Malchyk ◽  
Weronika Wierny

AbstractAmmonoids are extinct cephalopods with external shells which predominated in many late Paleozoic and Mesozoic marine ecosystems. Stable isotope data from ammonoid shells constitute primary tools for understanding their palaeohabitats. However, in most sedimentary successions globally the aragonitic shells of ammonoids are dissolved during fossilisation process and therefore not available for geochemical studies. We overcome this taphonomic bias by analysing the better preservable calcitic elements of the ammonoid jaws (aptychi). We study moulds and aptychi of two successive members, temporal subspecies in our interpretation, of a scaphitid evolutionary lineage from a Late Cretaceous chalk succession in Poland. In order to reconstruct their habitat depth preferences, we apply the powerful combination of stable isotope data from aptychi and co-occurring benthic and planktic foraminifera with an analysis of predation marks preserved on scaphitid specimens. On this basis we conclude that the populations of the older subspecies led a nektic, and those of the younger subspecies, a nektobenthic lifestyle. The shift in habitat depth preferences took place probably as a response of local populations to the shallowing of the sea. Previous studies largely assumed stable depth preferences for ammonoid species, genera and even higher clades. Our study casts doubts over such generalizations by pointing out that ammonoids could have been more flexible in their depth-related behaviour than anticipated.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3157
Author(s):  
Xochitl Guadalupe Vital ◽  
Felisa Rey ◽  
Paulo Cartaxana ◽  
Sónia Cruz ◽  
Maria Rosário Domingues ◽  
...  

Long-term retention of functional chloroplasts in animal cells occurs only in sacoglossan sea slugs. Analysis of molecules related to the maintenance of these organelles can provide valuable information on this trait (kleptoplasty). The goal of our research was to characterize the pigment and fatty acid (FA) composition of the sea slug Elysia crispata and their associated chloroplasts that are kept functional for a long time, and to quantify total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents, identifying differences between habitats: shallow (0–4 m) and deeper (8–12 m) waters. Specimens were sampled and analyzed after a month of food deprivation, through HPLC, GC-MS and colorimetric methods, to ensure an assessment of long-term kleptoplasty in relation to depth. Pigment signatures indicate that individuals retain chloroplasts from different macroalgal sources. FA classes, phospholipid and glycolipid contents displayed dissimilarities between depths. However, heterogeneities in pigment and FA profiles, as well as total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid amounts in E. crispata were not related to habitat depth. The high content of chloroplast origin molecules, such as Chl a and glycolipids after a month of starvation, confirms that E. crispata retains chloroplasts in good biochemical condition. This characterization fills a knowledge gap of an animal model commonly employed to study kleptoplasty.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuharu Yagi ◽  
Tsunefumi Kobayashi ◽  
Yutaka Maruyama ◽  
Sota Hoshina ◽  
Satoshi Masumi ◽  
...  

Microplastics (MPs) pollution is a worldwide issue in the marine environment. There is growing concern of consuming MPs through fish, yet the current contamination status of fish collected from the deep sea surrounding Japan remains limited. We present baseline data on MPs in commercially important fishes from the coastal and offshore waters near Kyushu, Japan (East China Sea). We examined the MPs in the digestive tracts of two pelagic (n = 150 in total) and five demersal species (n = 235 in total). The fish were caught by pole and line, and bottom trawl at different geographical positions. The MPs in pelagic fish (39.1 %) were higher than demersal fish (10.3 %) and of larger sizes. The MPs correlated with habitat depth and type. There was species variation in the shape and polymer composition of MPs. These results increase our understanding of the heterogeneous uptake of MPs by fishes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Polina Drozdova ◽  
Alena Kizenko ◽  
Alexandra Saranchina ◽  
Anton Gurkov ◽  
Maria Firulyova ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Vision is a crucial sense for the evolutionary success of many animal groups. Here we explore the diversity of visual pigments (opsins) in the transcriptomes of amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda) and conclude that it is restricted to middle (MWS) and long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) opsins in the overwhelming majority of examined species. Results We evidenced (i) parallel loss of MWS opsin expression in multiple species (including two independently evolved lineages from the deep and ancient Lake Baikal) and (ii) LWS opsin amplification (up to five transcripts) in both Baikal lineages. The number of LWS opsins negatively correlated with habitat depth in Baikal amphipods. Some LWS opsins in Baikal amphipods contained MWS-like substitutions, suggesting that they might have undergone spectral tuning. Conclusions This repeating two-step evolutionary scenario suggests common triggers, possibly the lack of light during the periods when Baikal was permanently covered with thick ice and its subsequent melting. Overall, this observation demonstrates the possibility of revealing climate history by following the evolutionary changes in protein families.


2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-797
Author(s):  
Atsushi Yamaguchi ◽  
Carin J Ashjian ◽  
Robert G Campbell ◽  
Yoshiyuki Abe

Abstract Two dominant mesopelagic carnivorous Paraeuchaeta copepods, Paraeuchaeta glacialis in the western Arctic Ocean and Paraeuchaeta elongata in the western subarctic Pacific, exhibited specialized ontogenetic vertical migration patterns with deeper occurrences of early copepodids (C1) and adults (C6F/M) and shallower occurrences of older copepodids C3−C5. Molt increments in body masses (wet, dry and ash-free dry masses) exhibited highly significant negative correlations with habitat depth. These facts suggest that both Paraeuchaeta species spend their reproductive (C6F/M) and early developmental (C1) stages in deeper layers to avoid predation and migrate upwards to where prey is abundant during the middle-late copepodid stages (C3−C5) to achieve greater mass growth.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail N. Ryazantsev ◽  
Dmitrii M. Nikolaev ◽  
Demid E. Osipov ◽  
Daniil M. Strashkov ◽  
Sergey Yu. Vyazmin ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Henderite L. Ohee ◽  
Gerardinalia Ngamelubun ◽  
Joane J. Ansaka ◽  
Novela H. Korwa ◽  
Puguh Sujarta

Freshwater community in Lake Sentani comprise of 35 species including three endemic species, seven native species, eight anadromous fish and 17 introduced species. Two native species are Sentani Gudgeon (Oxyeleotris heterodon) and Snakehead Gudgeon (Giuris margaritacea). The survey aims to document the ecology and fish abundance of the gudgeons in Lake Sentani. Fish sampling was done passively by using gill nets with three different mesh sizes in five locations; Puai, Enandowai, Waena, Ayapo and Yahim. Substrate type, water vegetations, habitat depth and fish abundance were recorded each locations. Substrate preferences of the gudgeons are sand, mud and gravel, while O. heterodon was more abundance in sand mud substrate type. Moreover, water vegetation preference was different between O. heterodon and G. margaritacea. Sentani Gudgeon prefer habitat with dense water vegetations, while G. margaritaceus could be found in habitat with or without water vegetation. Theses two gudgeons were found in relatively the same habitat depth, up to 7 meters depth. O. heterodon and G. margaritacea had a very low abundance in the lake. It is important to conserve lake area from the edge  up to 7 meter depth that consist of sand, mud and gravel substrate types and dense water vegetation to ensure the population of these two gudgeons are abundance in Lake Sentani.   Key words: Ecology, Lake Sentani, relative abundance, O. heterodon, G. margaritacea.


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