Activation of film growth on indium phosphide by pulsed photon treatment

Photon activation of various physicochemical processes by the radiation of powerful pulsed xenon lamps (radiation range of 0.2-1.2 µm) is one of the promising areas of material science. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of preoxidative pulsed photon treatment on the process of thermal oxidation of indium phosphide with a nanosized layer of V2O5 on the surface, as well as its effect on the composition and morphology of the formed films. We determined the optimal mode of pre-oxidative pulsed photon treatment of magnetron-formed V2O5/InP heterostructures with a radiation density of 15 J/cm2. By laser and spectral ellipsometry methods, photon activation of V2O5/InP before thermal oxidation was found to increase the thickness of the formed films practically twofold. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the intensification of the phosphate formation process. The morphological characteristics of the films were determined by atomic force microscopy.Pre-oxidative pulsed photon treatment with an optimal radiation density of 15 J/cm2 activates the thermal oxidation of V2O5/InP heterostructures. It is associated with the formation of new active centres and accelerated rearrangement of chemical bonds in the intermediate complexes of the V2O5 catalyst with semiconductor components

Optical electromagnetic radiation density spherical geometric electric and magnetic phase by spherical antiferromagnetic model with fractional system

In this article, we firstly consider a new theory of spherical electromagnetic radiation density with antiferromagnetic spin of timelike spherical t -magnetic flows by the spherical Sitter frame in de Sitter space. Thus, we construct the new relationship between the new type electric and magnetic phases and spherical timelike magnetic flows de Sitter space 2.1 S Also, we give the applied geometric characterization for spherical electromagnetic radiation density. This concept also boosts to discover some physical and geometrical characterizations belonging to the particle. Moreover, the solution of the fractional-order systems are considered for the submitted mathematical designs. Graphical demonstrations for fractional solutions are presented to expression of the approach. The collected results illustrate that mechanism is relevant and decisive approach to recover numerical solutions of our new fractional equations. Components of performed equations are demonstrated by using approximately explicit values of physical assertions on received solutions. Finally, we constructthat electromagnetic fluid propagation along fractional optical fiber indicates an fascinating family of fractional evolution equation with diverse physical and applied geometric modelling in de Sitter space 2 1 S .

Peculiarities of the chemical composition of fungal bodies of the paranasal sinuses

Introduction: The significance of fungal microflora in the development of chronic rhinosinusitis tends to increase. The purpose of the study: We had studied the chemical composition of fungal bodies of odontogenic and nonodontogenic origin to determine the relationship between fungal sinusitis and previous endodontic treatment. Methods and materials: The 7 samples of the most common dental endodontic materials and 32 fungal ball removed from the paranasal sinuses in patients were examined by electron microscopy and masspectrometry: 22 of them were from the maxillary sinus in persons with a probable odontogenic cause of the disease (group 1), and 10 with the exception of odontogenic factor – 5 from the maxillary sinus - group 2 and 5 - from the sphenoid - group 3). The resultsand disscusion: In areas with high radiation density of fungal balls, its level in group 1 was 1173.6 ± 257.9 HU, groups 2 and 3 - 283.2 ± 21.8 HU and 262.6 ± 3 HU, and the radiation density from the samples with base it’s level in all groups did not differ among them and was from 50.1 to 55.0 HU. It was found that in all samples dental materials there was a content of Zn with a mass fraction from 0.71 ± 0.42% to 85.51 ± 0.05%. When analyzing the structure of fragments of fungal balls from areas with a base level of radiation density in patients of all three groups, its homogeneity and absence of crystalline inclusions were noted. In contrast, in fragments of fungal ball from areas of high radiation density there where a significant number of crystals in individuals with established odontogenic factor (group 1) and their absence in the material of groups 2 and 3. In the composition of samples of fungal balls from areas with high radiation density, it was found that in group №1 in 10 samples (45.45%) showed a significant content of Zinc (average mass fraction - 23.71 ± 4.45%), and Calcium was found in 40.9% of the samples at the level of 3.8 ± 1.33%. The chemical composition of areas of fungal bodies with high radiation density in individuals with excluded odontogenic factor (group 2 and group 3) was similar and was characterized by the presence of high level of Calcium from areas with increased radiation density of 24.38 ± 6.22%, and 22.04 ± 5,72%, while the background (group 2 - 1.26 ± 0.33%, group 3 –0.90 ± 0.34%). Zinc and other chemical elements - markers of dental materials in groups 2 and 3 were not detected. Conclusions: All dental materials we examined contain Zn and chemical elements are not characteristic of tissues of biological origin (Ba, Zr, W, Co and Ti), the content of which may cause increased radiological density of the tissue of the fungal ball. Elevated Zn and Ca content was detected in 45.45% and 40.9% of samples of fungal ball of odontogenic origin, and in almost all samples of fungal ball of neodontogenic origin, regardless of the location of the sinus (maxillary or sphenoidal), Ca was detected, which allows to predict the absorption of these chemicals. elements from the tissues surrounding the fungal body, as the main mechanism of their accumulation in concentrations that cause the formation of areas of high radiation density.

Research of the total spectral density of signals in the LTE up-link

This article is devoted to the analysis of the total spectral radiation density of LTE subscriber terminals. The LTE network uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technology for downlink communications, and multiple access technology with single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for uplink communications. In a downlink, the occupied radio frequency band is determined by the number of resource blocks and the size of the step of placement of subcarrier oscillations in the frequency domain. Features of the technologies used for organizing multiple access in LTE networks determine the nature of the spectral density of the total radio signal. Thus, in a downlink, the spectral density approaches uniformity, since the power distribution in the spectral region does not depend on the number and location of resource blocks allocated to the subscriber, and also does not depend on the territorial location of the subscriber itself. For an uplink, the determination of spectral density characteristics is not so unambiguous, since they depend on a number of factors (traffic parameters, the nature of radio conditions, etc.). Тo conduct a detailed analysis of the spectral radiation density of a set of LTE subscriber terminals, a scheme of the measuring unit was developed and experimental studies of the spectral density were conducted on the basis of the BSUIR research laboratory. The article presents spectrograms of a set of signals in the uplink of the LTE communication network, obtained for different time intervals and different places of observation. The conclusion is made about the possibility of using an equivalent uniform spectral density to describe interference effects from groupings of subscriber terminals of LTE communication networks.

Evaluation of mobile microwave radiation severity at al-door residential complex in Iraq

In this paper, the electromagnetic radiation of the mobile microwave signals, propagated by the mobile towers in Al-Door Residential Complex west of Iraq, is measured and evaluated. This complex contains main nodes and hub repeaters and feeders to transmit the service to the whole Salahuddin and the northern provinces. Therefore, this paper focused on this area to assess the radiation and to assess the radiation whether it is safe for humans or exceeded the dangerous level. The area has been divided on to 19 locations where there are mobile towers and the radiation is measured in these locations. The electric field intensity is unsafe and should be improved since it exceeds the level of 1.7 V/m. However, the magnetic field intensity is acceptable according to the measurements. In general, the electromagnetic radiation density is unsafe since many readings override the level of 1.3 μW/〖cm〗^2. The standards of the radiation severity are based on the recommendations of LATNEX Corp.

Влияние содержания меди на кинетику микроволновой фотопроводимости твердых растворов CIGS

The kinetics of the photoresponse of microwave photoconductivity (9 GHz, TE_101-type cavity) on excitation by laser light pulses with a wavelength of 337 nm and a duration of 8 ns in copper-deficient Cu_1 –_ x (In_0.7Ga_0.3)Se_2 (CIGS) (0 < x ≤ 0.4) solid solutions with the chalcopyrite structure is investigated in a wide light intensity range. With an increase in the laser radiation density to ~5 × 10^14 photon/cm^2 per pulse, the photoresponse acquires, along with the previously revealed skin effect, the effect of the filling of traps created by V _Cu vacancies and Cu^+2 · V _Cu defect associates, the concentration of which increases with a decrease in x in the CIGS formula.