The Rule of Law for All Sentient Animals

This paper argues for a theory of the rule of law that is inclusive of sentient non-human animals. It critiques the rule of law theories of Fuller, Waldron, and Allan, by showing that their theories presuppose that the legal subject is a person who can be guided by legal norms. This unduly excludes non-human animals, as well as certain humans who do not have rational capacities. If we view the basic idea of the rule of law as restraining arbitrary power, then rule of law theories need to give an account of who can be a potential victim of such power. Non-human animals and humans, whether endowed with rational capacities or not, can all be victims of arbitrary power. So, we need a new rule of law theory which is inclusive of all sentient animals, humans and non-human alike. This paper sets out such an inclusive theory.

THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF FRAUD CASES DURING THE PERIOD OF SELF-ISOLATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL AND PRACTICAL METHODS OF COMBATING FRAUDSTERS

Статья посвящена рассмотрению проблем, связанных с ростом числа мошенничества в период новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. Рассмотрены тенденции роста мошенничества в период пандемии и самоизоляции, связанные с распространением новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 и методы борьбы с правонарушителями. Разобраны такие явления, как мошенничество, фишинг как одна из самых распространенных интернет-угроз. Представлены примеры разнообразных действий мошенников в период самоизоляции, а также механизмы осуществления правонарушителями своих преступных деяний. В статье проведен сравнительный анализ показателей числа мошенничеств в период с апреля по июнь 2019 и 2020 г., основанный на открытых статистических данных портала Генеральной прокуратуры Российской Федерации. В работе даны рекомендации, соблюдение которых позволит потенциальным потерпевшим противостоять новым инструментам воздействия мошенников в период распространения коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. The article is devoted to the problems connected with the increase in the number of fraud during the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. This article considers the trends in the growth of fraud during the pandemic and self-isolation related to the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and organizational and legal methods of fighting, ways to resist intruders. The author analyzes such phenomena as fraud, phishing as one of the most common Internet threats. Specific examples of various actions of fraudsters during the period of self-isolation introduced in connection with the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 are presented, as well as the mechanisms by which attackers carry out their machinations against ordinary citizens and contrary to the activities of state bodies and private organizations. This article presents a graph of comparison of indicators of the number of fraud in a certain period, based on open statistical data of the portal of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation. The article provides recommendations, compliance with which allows each potential victim to resist new tools of influence of intruders during the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus infection, when the implementation of the main processes of vital activity takes place remotely.

Shelley’s Doubles

The contradictions of Shelley’s radical politics and his aristocratic birth and upbringing place him as a potential victim of the revolutionary change he envisages and wishes for. He embodies some of the qualities which his own social critique deplores. This imports a quasi-suicidal logic into his work, where his influence is felt to be most effective once emancipated from his living person and social identity. This contradiction is explored in analysis of passages from Prometheus Unbound, and then in a sustained reading of Julian and Maddalo, where the central figure of the ‘madman’ throws into relief the civilized, gentlemanly manners of the Shelley/Byron characters. The contrast between ‘civilized’ and ‘mad’ is represented not simply in thematic terms but as a contrast in poetic styles.

Anomalies in the application of law related to hate crimes

The number of hate crime cases in certain countries that was brought to the authorities' attention and was included in the official statistics of countries and relevant international organizations could be negligibly low. However, alternative databases do not provide such a serene landscape as these data sets aim to provide a more credible picture of the real volume of hate crimes. The results of the victim surveys conducted amongst members of the potential victim groups can be even more shocking. Now it is obvious that only a small number of these crime cases is officially reported and behind the high latency, numerous personal and institutional causes can be identified, most notably in relation to victims and law enforcement authorities. The main objective of this literature review is to present these reasons and barriers that authorities are facing, difficulties of enforcement in individual cases and the significant structural problems in the application of law.

Suffering and Moral Status

It is a common claim in debates about abortion and the killing of animals that individuals, such as foetuses and non-human animals, that have psychological capacities significantly lower than those of adult human persons also have a moral status lower than that of persons. And those who defend this claim typically assume that it implies that the moral constraint against killing a foetus or animal is, if other things are equal, weaker than the constraint against killing a person. Many of these same people also claim, however, that the difference in moral status makes no difference to the strength of the constraint against causing suffering. They argue that the reason not to cause suffering to an individual who neither deserves nor is liable to be caused to suffer is equally strong whatever the nature or moral status of the potential victim is. There is, however, a type of individual whose psychological capacities and moral status are such that it is plausible to believe that the reason not to cause them to suffer is weaker than the reason not to cause equivalent suffering to a person. Most non-human animals are psychologically intermediate between these low-status individuals and persons. This raises the question, which is explored in this chapter, whether most animals have an intermediate moral status that makes their suffering matter more than that of the low-status individuals but less than that of persons.

Human Trafficking in Woman and Children Perspective; Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish in Persons

Trafficking in persons is a cross-border crime which injures human dignity. The mode of trafficking in persons is to take advantage of the economic conditions of potential victims by luring them a better job. This research will discuss the profile of victims of trafficking in persons, gender analysis in human trafficking, and international policies in victim protection that are gender equality oriented. This research is a normative juridical study examining the analysis of international legal instruments, laws and court decisions. The research was conducted using the statute approach, legal concepts and the concept of gender. The victims of trafficking in persons are dominated by women, although it does not rule out the possibility that men can also be the victims. Women are considered as commodities that can provide benefits because they can be bought and sold to do work without requiring high education, and even provide sexual services. The perpetrators of the criminal network carry out the recruitment of potential victims by involving the householder of the potential victim, in this case the husband or father of the potential victim. This condition cannot be separated from the deep rooted patriarchal culture in the society, in which the men play a role as the decision makers in the family. Power relations play an important role in analyzing this crime of trafficking in persons. Efforts to combat trafficking in persons are carried out within the framework of a gender-equitable policy. However, the existing legal instruments have not addressed the fundamental problems of trafficking in women. Reconstruction of the legal culture of society is very important in protecting women from various forms of violence.

Cyber Crime Triangle Approach to Encounter Cybercrime

This study anlyze and discuss problem in encounter of cyber crime using crime triangle approach. crime triangle approach is necessary in order to understanding cyber crime from characteristics of crime and offender. This study use qualitative methode that based on non numeric data e.g article and picture. The data filtern and interpreted by understanding the literature. Result of this study explain that there are there element that can be used in order to cyber crime analysis, there are system, provider, and law enforcer. This three element is key factor that can interfere, prevent cracker to commit crime and protect potential victim, and create safe and protected cyber environment. Recomendation of this study law enforcer must be strengthened by creating regualtion that can protect the user of cyber space. This is essential to minimize the number of data theft in the future.

Smartphone Addiction and Cybercrime Victimization in the Context of Lifestyles Routine Activities and Self-Control Theories: The User’s Dual Vulnerability Model of Cybercrime Victimization

(1) Background: This paper combines lifestyle-routine activities (L-RAT) and self-control (SCT) theories along with the literature on smartphone addiction in a joint model that addresses the multiple vulnerabilities that make the smartphone user a potential victim of cybercrime. This model, which we call the dual vulnerability model of cybercrime victimization, was subjected to empirical testing on a nationally representative sample of smartphone users. (2) Methods: Data from 2837 participants from a nationally representative sample of Spanish smartphone users were modeled using Mplus causal modeling software. (3) Results: The results of the study confirm the predictions of L-RAT and SCT in explaining cybercrime victimization (higher cybercrime victimization under conditions of high exposure, proximity, and suitability, relative absence of capable guardian, and low self-control). A significant effect of smartphone addiction on cybercrime victimization was also observed above and beyond L-RAT and SCT predictors. (4) Conclusions: The potential victim of cybercrime presents a double vulnerability, on the one hand, those identified by criminological theories such as L-RAT and SCT, and on the other hand, those derived from the deregulated-addicted use of the Internet access device (smartphone in our work).

Hide-and-seek strategies and post-contact immobility

To understand why an animal might gain by playing dead, or more precisely, exhibit post-contact immobility (PCI), we consider the context in which this behaviour occurs. Is it, for example, a method by which a potential victim encourages a predator to direct its attention elsewhere? We investigate this possibility by using the marginal value theorem to analyse predator behaviour in the context of this defence strategy by potential prey. We consider two models. In the first, (random revisiting) the predator may return to sites it has already depleted within the patch. In the second, (systematic search) the predator goes only to new sites within the patch. The results of the two models are qualitatively extremely similar. We show that when prey occur in patches, PCI favours prey survival. Indeed, certain antlion larvae have PCI durations characterized by very long half-lives. These appear to be of such long durations that further increases would convey no substantial benefits in redirecting potential predators to other antlions within the patch and subsequently to other patches.

Metamorphosis of the Sacrificial Victimization Imaginary Profile within the Framework of Late Modern Societies

This article aims to unravel the why and the how of the imaginary profile of the emerging sacrificial victim in late modern societies. To do this, first, under the influence of the formulations proposed by the French School of Sociology, the nature and the functionality of an anthropological structure linked to a rituality of sacrificial victimization surviving in the historical course of western societies are investigated. Based on this, it analyzes the characterization of the imaginary paradigm of sacrificial victimization crystallized in modernity in contrast to the dominant one in the Old Regime. Finally, the sociological keys that would account for the unique morphology of the imaginary of sacrificial victimization that emerged in late modern societies are explored in the context of the generalization of a climate of violence that transforms any individual into a potential victim of sacrifice.