Gene Action Studies for Yield and its Related Traits by using Generation Mean Analysis in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Background: Mungbean is one of the most important legume crop with high nutritional value and is consumed in various forms in different parts of India. In order to meet its growing demand, there is a need to increase the yield through adoption of breeding approaches like heterosis breeding and breeding for high yielding varieties. This demands a critical study of the gene action involved in regulation of yield and yield attributing traits which can be achieved through generation mean analysis. Methods: In the present study, generation mean analysis was undertaken using five parameter model to estimate the nature and magnitude of gene action of yield and its component traits in six crosses of greengram. Result: Magnitude of dominance gene effect was reported to be higher than additive gene effect in most of the crosses. Either one or both the interaction components were found significant for all the traits besides number of branches per plant and hundred seed weight. It was evident from the study that the yield components could be improved by exploiting both additive and non-additive gene effects. The transgressive segregants thus produced will prompt the development of desirable high yielding genotypes.

Determining the Genetic Action of Water and Nitrogen Utilisation Efficiency in Maize (Zea mays L.)

A study to observe and record the mode of gene action involved in some quantitative and physiological traits of three maize hybrids using generation mean analysis was conducted at Abu Garash Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, during two growing seasons (2018 and 2019). Genotypes were compared using Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Significant differences in all studied traits for six populations within each cross were found. There was significant positive heterosis relative to intermediate and better parents for most studied traits of hybrids, except in nitrogen utilization efficiency. Most of the genetic parameters were significant for the three hybrids, indicating the importance of epistasis in the inheritance of studied traits. The dominance gene effect was more pronounced than the additive gene effect in the inheritance for all traits. The values of the phenotypic coefficient of variance were greater than the values of the genotypic coefficient of variance, indicating the effect of environmental factors on the expression of the studied traits. High narrow-sense heritability values were associated with high genetic advance for nitrogen use efficiency and biological yield per plant. It is recommended that selection in early segregating generations of the studied hybrids is useful.

The T786C polymorphism of NOS3 gene effect on the level of nitric oxide metabolites among patients with non-valvular paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

The objective of the research - to determine the the T786C polymorphism of nos3 gene effect on the level of nitric oxide metabolites among patients with non-valvular paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.Material and methods. To achieve this goal, a prospective study was conducted on the basis of the communal uncommercial company “City Hospital № 10” of Zaporizhzhia City Council. The sample of patients was conducted in the period from 2014 to 2019. The results of the study are based on data from a comprehensive examination and dynamic monitoring of 176 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on the background of coronary heart disease combined with hypertension, of which 98 were from the city of Zaporizhzhia and 78 were from rural areas. Almost healthy 31 volunteers were examined on an outpatient basis.Results. Plasma NO2 levels in both groups area urban and rural patients - 7.02 [5.74 ; 8.14] mmol/L and 6.77 [5.47 ; 7.98] mmol/l, respectively, were significantly lower compared to 8.46 [7.45 ; 9.45] mmol/L in the healthy group (p<0.05). Significantly, the lowest level of NO3 was in the group of patients from the city of 10.36 [8.14 ; 13.32] mmol/L, in vs. to the value of 11.69 [10.36; 15.33] mmol/L in the group of patients from rural areas and against 13.36 [11.85 ; 15.35] mmol/L in the group of healthy individuals, (p<0.05). The highest value of NO2+NO3 was in the group of healthy people - 21.56 [20.38 ; 24.53] mmol/L, against the level of 18.02 [15.83 ; 21.78] mmol/L in the group of patients from rural areas and - 17.60 [14.80 ; 20.35] mmol/L in the group from urban area (p < 0.05). The median NO2 level in the subgroup of homozygotes for the T allele was 7.86 [6.66; 8.88] mmol/L and was significantly higher than in the subgroup of heterozygotes TC - 6.66 [5.18; 7.98] mmol/L – and the subgroup of homozygotes for the C - 5.81 [5.07; 6.72] mmol/l (p<0.05). The highest value of NO2+NO3 was in the homozygote subgroup for the T - 20.35 [17.07 ; 25.16] mmol/l, both against the level of 17.52 [15.37 ; 20.72] mmol/L of the TC heterozygote subgroup, and against 16.41 [14.48; 17.93] mmol/L of the homozygote subgroup for the C allele (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the heterozygote and homozygote subgroups for the C allele (p>0.05). Conclusions. Decreased nitric oxide metabolites occur among patients with non-valvular paroxysmal atrial fibrillation compared with the healthy group. The level of nitrate-ions in the group of patients from the city was significantly lower than in the group of patients from the rural areas. The level of nitrite-ions was lower among patients with the C allele of the T786C polymorphism of the 3 type of nitric oxide synthase gene, whereas the value of nitrate-ions did not depend on this polymorphism.

GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS USING GENERATION VARIANCE IN DURUM WHEAT TRAITS (Triticum durum L.)

The present investigation was conducted to estimate the gene action effects in some traits of durum wheat by using crosses two generation of wheat (Albit-9 X omgenil-3) through generation mean analysis during growing season 2016-2017, at Field Crops Department, Collage of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok. The analysis of variance showed significant differences between generations mean for studied traits except spike length which did not significant. The mean value of F1 generation was higher than the respect parents (P1 and P2) F2, Bc1 and Bc2 for most of studied traits in wheat crosses. The results of gene effect shown that the dominance gene effects were significant and positive with all studied traits, whereas additive gene effect did not significant for all traits except plant height and number of grain per spike, also The results exhibited that the dominance and additive X additive variance was positive for all traits this mean complementary gene effect controlling these traits, regarding of broad and narrow sense heritability. The results indicate that broad sense value was more than the narrow sense heritability. Heterosis in F1 cross over mid parents was recorded a positive value (9.672, 8.112) for plant height and grain yield per plant, while inbreeding depression was measured as reduction in performance of F2 generation a positive results were obtained for all traits.

Inheritance of Yield Related Traits in a Half Diallel Crosses of Some Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes

Inheritance of grain yield, heterosis and combining ability were investigated in maize populations obtained from half-diallel crossing among six inbred parental lines. General (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability effects were significantly different among parental lines. The grain yield was under the partial gene effect. The parents P1, P3 and P5were considered suitable according to their yield contributing attributes couple with general combining ability effects. The midparentheterosis values ranged from -27.246 (P2 xP5) to 15.209% (P1 xP2) whereas the better parent heterosis values varied between 22.375(P2x P3) to 40.363% (P2 x P5) only seven crosses had higher grain yields. Of those crosses, P1×P2, P2×P5 and P1×P3 were considered most promising hybrids yielding heterosis as 15.880%, 20.363% and 40.363 respectively over their parents. The Agriculturists 2020; 18(1) 18-25

Assessment of Gene Action for Grain Micronutrient Content, Yield and Yield Contributing Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Biofortification of food crops using conventional breeding or biotechnological approach is gaining momentum to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition. Rice is a nice choice for biofortification of grain iron and zinc content as this is a cheap and chief staple food for millions of peoples world-wide particularly the poor. In present study, generation mean analysis was done to estimate the nature and magnitude of gene effects for grain iron and zinc content in rice cross Khusisoi-RI-Sareku × IR 91175-27-1-3-1-3. Scaling test and Joint scaling test indicated the influence of epistasis on the expression of yield, its component traits and grain Fe and Zn content and inadequacy of additive-dominance model to explain the variation in different generations. Dominance [h] gene effect was of higher magnitude as compared to additive [d] gene effect for both grain iron and grain zinc content. Additive × additive, additive × dominance and dominance × dominance component was significant for both grain Fe and Zn content, whereas dominance × dominance component was predominant for both grain Fe and Zn content. Dominance [h] gene effect and dominance × dominance interaction acted in opposite directions, indicating duplicate type of gene action controlling the expression of both grain Fe and grain Zn content which could be a bottleneck to exploit heterosis. Heterosis breeding and recombination breeding with postponement of selection till later generations, could be effective in improving both grain Fe and grain Zn content in rice.

The effect of APOL1 risk variants on emergent outcomes in kidney disorders: A meta-analysis of individual participant data

Kidney diseases associated with APOL1 polymorphisms are human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy, idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, hypertension-attributed chronic kidney disease, lupus nephritis and sickle cell nephropathy. This research aimed to investigate the risk of genetic variants on disease contribution. Methods. In this individual participant data meta-analysis, eighteen patients with kidney dysfunction and at risk of APOL1 genotype were investigated. Clinical features, laboratory data at initial presentation, management and outcomes were collected. The paper has written based on searching PubMed Central and Google Scholar to identify potentially relevant articles. Median, percentage, mean ± standard deviation (SD), two-tailed t and chi-square tests were used for statistical analyses. Moreover, relative risk, odds ratio for statistical analyses were used. Results: The average age of patients at the time of diagnosis in APOL1-associated kidney disorders was 41.09 ± 20.63 years (ranging from 8 years to 70 years). Relative risk for kidney failure and persistent hemodialysis therapy in APOL1-associated nephropathy patients with renal risk variants (RRVs) were assessed 1.13 and odds ratio of 1.5 with 95% CI of 0.08-26.86 and the value of 0.0764 by chi-square test but there was no significant statistical result in this research (p-value of 0.782). The relative risk for patients of allograft failure with RRVs was assessed 1,0 odds ratio of 1,0 95% CI of 0.06-15.99 and p-value of 0.81. Conclusion: The present study revealed the risk and odds of APOL1 gene effect on the onset of kidney failure with replacement therapy in patients at risk of APOL1 genotype but results were not significant statistically. Future clinical research is required for investigating APOL1 gene effect on non-African ancestry.