A Gestão para o Controle da Indisciplina Escolar no Século XXI

ResumoEste estudo aborda a indisciplina escolar no século XXI, o objetivo principal foi o de apontar prováveis causas dos comportamentos da indisciplina dos estudantes, indicando atitudes pedagógicas que o professor poderia assumir para contribuir na diminuição da indisciplina. Partindo da hipótese de que o conjunto de fenômenos observáveis, que os professores agrupam sob o nome genérico de problemas de indisciplina, tem contribuído para uma retificação desse, isto é, para constituição de um fato que se chama indisciplina escolar. A metodologia é de natureza qualitativa, pois se trata de uma revisão sistemática da literatura do campo da Educação. A indisciplina pode surgir como alternativa ao seu insucesso escolar, procurando desse modo valorizar a sua relação com os outros. Este insucesso não se refere, exclusivamente, a disciplinas, mas também a valores, que esse estudante pensa ser assumido pela comunidade, e que o mesmo não vê refletido nele. Pode-se inferir, com base nas pesquisas realizados para compor este estudo, que os pais e professores precisam explicar as normas e regras aos seus filhos, ou seja, aos estudantes. Entende-se que o que pode estar ocorrendo é uma opressão, por parte dos pais e professores, que acabam sendo autoritários, bastante rígidos, controladores, primitivos e que valorizam, enormemente, as regras e as normas e, na maioria das vezes, deixam o fator humano de lado, pois o processo de ensino e aprendizagem vai muito mais além do que somente regras. Palavras-chave: Estudantes. Desafios Pedagógicos. Gestão Escolar. Professores. Indisciplina. AbstractThis study approaches school indiscipline in the 21st century, the main objective was to point out probable causes of students’ indiscipline behavior, indicating pedagogical attitudes that the teacher could assume to contribute to the indiscipline reduction. Based on the hypothesis that the set of observable phenomena that teachers group under the generic name of indiscipline problems, has contributed to their rectification, that is, to the constitution of a fact called school indiscipline. The methodology is qualitative in nature, as it is a literature systematic review in the Education field. Indiscipline can appear as an alternative to their school failure, thus seeking to value their relationship with others. This failure does not refer exclusively to subjects, but also to values, and hence, this student thinks to be assumed by the community, and which he or she does not see reflected in him or her. It is possible to infer, based on the research carried out to compose this study, that parents and teachers need to explain the standards and rules to their children, that is, students. It is understood that what may be happening is an oppression by parents and teachers who end up being authoritarian, quite rigid, controlling, primitive and who greatly value the rules and standards and most of the times leaving the human factor aside, as the process teaching and learning goes far beyond just rules. Keywords: Students. Pedagogical Challenges. School management. Teachers. Indiscipline.

EU Competition Law as Responsive Law

This article proposes two broad ways to conceptualise EU competition law. EU competition law could be viewed as ‘autonomous law’ (‘AL’), namely as a closed normative system a technocratic tool consisting in a set of rules that prohibit undue restraints of trade. Or, EU competition law could be viewed as ‘responsive law’ (‘RL’), namely as a relatively open normative system and an interpretive practice that oscillates between openness and integrity. The responsiveness approach offers a compelling conceptualisation as it explains certain endogenous features of EU competition law: its fuzzy mandate, conceptually elastic vocabulary, and use of rules and standards. In addition, the responsiveness approach can clarify the role economics plays in EU competition law. It views economics as an ‘ideological science’, which, even though it cannot insulate this legal field from value disagreements and make it ‘autonomous’, it can provide a source for positive and normative interpretive statements. On this basis the responsiveness approach maintains that EU competition law is by design open—ie conceptually elastic and factually sensitive—and that its openness can enhance, but also undermine its integrity—ie its capacity to realise its objective in a rule of law compatible manner. These conflicts between openness and integrity are the cause of EU competition law's relative indeterminacy. To deal with the problem of indeterminacy, the RL approach proposes a tripartite legal-institutional modus operandi consisting in constructive interpretation, responsive enforcement, and catalytic adjudication. Hence, considering EU competition law as a form of responsive law has three major implications: first, it offers a new way for understanding how this legal field works and changes; second, it suggests a strategy for dealing with EU competition law's indeterminacy, and third it proposes a new framing for the discursive practices of EU competition law's epistemic community.

Part VI Actors, Ch.36 International Institutions

This chapter maps the different roles of international institutions involved in the development of international environmental law by considering the initiating roles that some institutions play, the institutional structure of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), and the roles of scientific and financial institutions. It charts how MEAs link to each other substantively by focusing on the relationships between global and regional MEAs and the synergies and contestations between global MEAs. These mapping processes result in the identification of patterns that illustrate the different roles and types of links that exist between international institutions. International institutions, together with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), engage in two types of activities in developing international environmental law. First, they engage in normative development. That is the development of rules and standards that are to regulate human activity. Second, they engage in implementing these rules and standards.

A International standards and rules for interaction between public authori-ties during the Covid-19 pandemic

The study aims at identifying the core rules and standards for forming a legal model of inter-action between levels of public authority in a federal state during a pandemic. The authors have considered documents that regulate the process of interaction between public authorities during the coronavirus pandemic, as well as the doctrinal sources of law in Belgium, Germany, Canada, the USA, Switzerland, and Australia. In addition, they have analyzed the acts of the World Health Organization adopted during the COVID-19 epidemic and containing recom-mendations on the interaction of public authorities during a pandemic. The research methods were as follows: general philosophical, general and special scientific (structural-legal, compara-tive-legal, and formal-legal The authors have concluded that it is possible to introduce separate rules and standards for such interaction of public authorities during the period of a pandemic into the Russian legal system.

Present state of normative current support of the National Bibliography in Bulgaria

The Bulgarian National Bibliography has been based on a tradition related to the normative support of its creation, development and potential for international cooperation. The Bulgarian National Bibliography has been created by law, which is strictly observed by St. Cyril and Methodius National Library. The rules and standards of bibliographic records and authority control, reviewed in the report, have been applied to the Bulgarian National Bibliography bulletins according to the IFLA international requirements. They give a good opportunity to the Bulgarian National Bibliography to participate in the international exchange of bibliographic and authority data.

Study of the Bacteriological Profile of the Drink Tchakpalo (Sugar Must) Sold In Cotonou Schools in the Republic of Benin

The objective of this study is to identify the germs present in the drink (sweet must) sold in Cotonou schools in the Republic of Benin. One hundred (100) samples of the sweet must drink were used for this study. All samples of the sweet must drink were taken from sterile 40 ml bottles. After carrying out the various bacteriological examinations, it emerged from the tests that the germs isolated belong to the genera Staphylococcus and Klebsiella. We obtained the following percentages: 52% Staphylococcus aureus; 28 % Staphylococcus sp; 12 % Klebsiella pneumoniae and 8 % Klebsiella oxytoca. It is therefore essential to raise awareness among the saleswomen on the respect of hygiene rules and standards.

PEMIKIRAN MUHAMMAD NATSIR TENTANG AGAMA DAN NEGARA

Natsir's view of the relationship between Islam and the state is that religion is not merely a ritual of worship in everyday terms such as prayer or fasting, but religion includes all principles, boundaries in muamalah and social relations. Therefore, in order to ensure that these rules and standards can apply and run as they should, it is necessary and not necessary, there must be strength in social life in the form of power in the state, as warned by the Prophet Muhammad to Muslims that Allah is Allah. holder of the ruling power. It seems that Natsir wants to emphasize that Islam and the state are integrally related, even symbiotic, that is, they are reciprocally related and need each other. In this case, religion needs a state, because with religion and the state it can develop in the field of ethics and morals. This is because in Natsir's understanding that Islam is a complete teaching. Islamic teachings do not contain other aspects such as the field of law regarding statehood, so the establishment of a state is a necessity as argued by H.A.R. Gibb, For Natsir Islam is not just a religion, but also a complete civilization. For that in Islam it is irrelevant to separate Religion from the State because universal Islamic values cannot be separated from the idea of forming a state.

Engines of Patriarchy: Ethical Artificial Intelligence in Times of Illiberal Backlash Politics

In recent years, concerns over the risks posed by artificial intelligence (AI) have mounted. In response, international organizations (IOs) have begun to translate the emerging consensus on the need for ethical AI into concrete international rules and standards. While the path toward effective AI governance faces many challenges, this essay shifts attention to an obstacle that has received little attention so far: the growing illiberal backlash in IOs. Prompted by Poland's recent rejection of a European position on AI due to the document's mention of “gender equality,” we argue that Poland followed a strategy that illiberal actors now regularly employ in IOs. To combat gender norms and women's rights across issue areas, illiberal contesters first identify the progressive language in international documents and then threaten to veto those documents—unless such language is watered down or removed. This spoiling strategy, we argue, may not only lead to the compromising of fundamental human rights norms but may also prevent much needed rules for AI from being adopted altogether. Against this background, we urge scholars and practitioners concerned with AI ethics to pay closer attention to illiberal backlash politics. IOs are emerging as spaces where progressive AI rules and standards are increasingly contested—and where they need to be defended to safeguard fundamental rights in an age of rapid technological change.