Structural family factors and bullying at school: a large scale investigation based on a Chinese adolescent sample

Backgrounds Various family factors have been identified in association with school bullying and the involvement of children and adolescents in bullying behaviors. Methods A total of 11,919 participants (female = 6671, mean age = 15) from 22 middle schools in Suzhou City, China completed the questionnaire. The associations between structural family factors (family socio-economic status, living arrangement, number of siblings, whether they were local residents/migrants, had an urban/rural hukou [a household registration system in China], parental and maternal education levels, and other various bullying-related constructs (i.e. bullying witnessing, bullying involvement, bystander intervention, and fear of being bullied) were all examined. Odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for covariates were calculated for the four bullying-related constructs (bullying witness, bullying involvement, bystander intervention, and reactions to being bullied) using structural family factors. Results The result showed that all demographic household characteristics were associated with bullying at school except for being from a single-child family. Adolescents from rural families witnessed more bullying incidents than those from local families (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: [1.09, 1.68]). Adolescents who come from migrant families (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: [1.07, 1.43]) with a rural hukou (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: [1.00, 1.74]) and low parental education levels (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: [1.01, 2.57]) were more likely to be bullies. Adolescents who came from migrant families (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: [1.03, 1.82]), with low maternal education levels (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: [1.06, 1.91]) engaged in more negative bystander intervention behaviors. Furthermore, adolescents with less educated mothers experienced a higher fear of being bullied (never versus sometimes: OR = 1.33, 95% CI: [1.00, 1.85]; never versus usually OR = 1.39, 95% CI: [1.01, 1.20]). Conclusions A systematic examination of the relationship between school bullying and demographic household characteristics may be used to inform school policies on bullying, such as training management on the importance of paying attention to adolescents from disadvantage household backgrounds. Identifying demographic factors that may predict bullying can also be used to prevent individuals from becoming involved in bullying and reduce the related negative consequences from being bullied.

Structural family therapy untuk memperbaiki interaksi dalam keluarga

Problems in the family is the result of a reaction to the social interaction between family members. Bad communication and obscurity of interaction between family members leads to misunderstandings in family relationships. Structural Family Therapy used to improve the pattern of communication in the family. The subject consists of three members of the family. The data were obtained using interview and observation. The intervention was carried out in five sessions. The results of the intervention were each family member has a good pattern of communication, reduced misunderstandings, clear regulations and role in the interaction between them.

Ferroelectricity and multiferroicity in anti–Ruddlesden–Popper structures

Combining ferroelectricity with other properties such as visible light absorption or long-range magnetic order requires the discovery of new families of ferroelectric materials. Here, through the analysis of a high-throughput database of phonon band structures, we identify a structural family of anti–Ruddlesden–Popper phases A4X2O (A=Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, X=Sb, P, As, Bi) showing ferroelectric and antiferroelectric behaviors. The discovered ferroelectrics belong to the new class of hyperferroelectrics that polarize even under open-circuit boundary conditions. The polar distortion involves the movement of O anions against apical A cations and is driven by geometric effects resulting from internal chemical strains. Within this structural family, we show that Eu4Sb2O combines coupled ferromagnetic and ferroelectric order at the same atomic site, a very rare occurrence in materials physics.

PEMBERDAYAAN KELUARGA DALAM PENINGKATAN KETAHANAN KELUARGA MELALUI STRUCTURAL FAMILY COUNSELING

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: #333333; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Abstract</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: #333333; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Family empowerment is an effort to build a better family, including related to family resilience. Family resilience means that the family is able to manage and overcome problems from a psychological, economic, social and spiritual perspective. This study aims to examine increased family resilience through structural family counseling, and to describe family empowerment in increasing family resilience through structural family counseling. This study uses a mixed methods approach with a concurrent triangulation model. The data collection methods used were questionnaires, observation and interviews. Based on the results of the T-test at the 5% significance level, to test the differences in the resilience of the respondent's family before and after treatment, the p value was obtained = 0.003, where the p value was less than α (0.05). This shows an increase in the percentage level of family resilience between before being given structural family counseling and after being given structural family counseling. Supporting factors for this increase include the openness of the respondents, the willingness and readiness of the respondent to treat, and the respondent's trust in the therapist to be involved in interaction patterns and family arrangements.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: #333333; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #333333; background: white;">Pemberdayaan keluarga merupakan usaha utuk membangun keluarga menjadi lebih baik, diantaranya terkait ketahanan keluarga. Ketahanan keluarga berati keluarga mampu mengelola dan mengatasi permasalahn dari segi psikologis, ekonomi, sosial dan spiritual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peningkatan ketahanan keluarga melalui <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">structural family counseling</em>, dan mendeskripsikan pemberdayaan keluarga dalam peningkatan ketahanan keluarga melalui <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">structural family counseling. </em>Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mixed methods</em> dengan model </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">concurrent triangulatio</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #333333; background: white;"> . Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah kuesioner, observasi dan wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil uji T-test </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">pada taraf signifikansi 5%, untuk menguji perbedaan ketahanan keluarga responden sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan treatment, diperoleh nilai p = 0,003, dimana nilai p lebih kecil dari α (0,05). Hal ini menunjukkan terjadinya peningkatan prosentase tingkat ketahanan keluarga antara sebelum diberikan </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #333333; background: white;">structural family counseling </span></em><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #333333; background: white;">dengan sesudah diberikan <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">structural family counseling.</em> Faktor pendukung peningkatan tersebut diantaranya keterbukaan dari responden, kesungguhan dan kesiapan responden dalam treatment, dan kepercayaan responden pada terapis untuk terlibat dalam pola interkasi dan tatanan dalam keluarganya. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #333333; background: white;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #333333; background: white;">Keyword: pemberdayaan keluarga, ketahanan keluarga, <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">structural family counseling</em></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #333333; background: white;"> </span></p>

Structural Family Therapy with a Client Diagnosed with Dissociative Disorder

Structural Family Therapy is one of the most widely used family therapy model which focuses on bringing change in structural and functional aspect of the family. This article focuses on the use of structural family therapy with a client diagnosed with Dissociative Disorder. An in-dept analysis of the case was done by using case study design. The Case Study is presented with client's background, individual assessment, family assessment, the treatment plan with techniques and outcome of interventions. Individual assessment showed that client had low self-esteem, poor problem-solving skills, insecure attachment and inter-personal conflict with the father. Family assessment revealed that client was never allowed to explore and develop according to his individual and unique characteristics. As he grew older the mother became more enmeshed and father became too rigid in terms of his expectation from the client. In order to reduce tensions between parents and cope up with stressful situation client started dissociating. Individual therapy focused on enhancing client's current level of functioning, improving his coping skills and learning to be more assertive in a relationship. Therapy with family emphasized on restructuring unhealthy boundaries by regulating power dynamics within relationship and correcting dysfunctional hierarchies. The outcome of interventions was improvement in family's functioning, interaction pattern and changes in power dynamics within relationship.

A Comparison between Barkley Behavioral Therapy, Minuchin Structural Family Therapy and Neuro-feedback on Anxiety among children suffering from Attention Deficit – Hyperactivity Disorder

Background & objective: Due to the consequences of attention deficit - hyperactivity disorder, various therapy approach have been formed. This research aimed to investigate a comparative study between Barkley behavioral therapy, Minuchin structural family therapy and neuro-feedback on anxiety among children suffering from attention deficit – hyperactivity disorder. Methods: This study was a quasi - experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The study population consisted of all primary school student in Karaj in 2018. By using cluster sampling method, 400 students selected and screening conducted for hyperactivity and anxiety. The sample consisted of 40 (10 for each group) students and their mothers were selected by as an available and randomly recruits to each of groups. Instruments for gathering data were semi-structured diagnostic interview (K-SADS), short diagnostic scale for hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder (Caners, 1999) and multidimensional child anxiety scale (March et al., 1997). Then, the participants in the experimental groups (Three groups) participated in Barkley behavioral therapy (9 sessions of 90 min), Minuchin structural family therapy (8 sessions of 90 min) and neuro-feedback (25 sessions of 30 min), while the control group did not receive any intervention. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS.v21 software and statistical tests such as MANCOVA and ANCOVA. Data analysig was performed with SPSS.v16 and significant levels of all tests set on 0.05. Results: The results indicate that Barkley behavioral therapy, Minuchin structural family therapy and neuro-feedback have significant impact on anxiety among children suffering from attention deficit – hyperactivity disorder, generally (P < 0.01). Furthermore, post-hoc test revealed that the efficacy of therapies on anxiety of experiment groups is different (P < 0.01). Three months follow-up results represent resistance of therapies (P > 0.01). Conclusion: So, using of these therapies for reduction of anxiety among children suffering from attention deficit – hyperactivity disorder. Key words: Barkley behavioral therapy, Minuchin structural family therapy, neuro-feedback, anxiety, attention deficit – hyperactivity disorder