Reconstruction the Major’s Policy in Order to Economic and Poverty Recovery in Pandemic at Pasuruan City East Java, Indonesia

The Covid-19 pandemic not only has an impact on the health aspect of the community, but also has an impact on the declining level of the economy and community welfare. Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Pasuruan City, since the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic, poverty in Pasuruan City has increased by 0.20 percentage points. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the economy of the community in Pasuruan City, as well as solutions or policies that can be implemented by the Pasuruan City Government. The method used in this research is normative legal research using the approach of applying the law, conceptual, and case. The results of the study show that the Covid-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on various sectors, one of which is the economy of the people of Pasuruan City. So that the situation and conditions need responsive efforts from the Regional Government of Pasuruan City in where the steps from the demand side themselves, could be in the form of (1) tax incentives, loan interest subsidies, and credit restructuring to the firms (including micro, small, and medium enterprises) to jumpstart their activities; (2) employment and income provision for the furloughed (unpaid leave) workers to make sure that the workers have a decent livelihood and to prevent them from falling into poverty; and (3) inclusive protection for the workers, both in terms of social protection and employment agreement. As for the supply side, efforts can be made by (1) increasing access to secondary and tertiary education; (2) enhance the quality of education; and (3) provide training and education for workers and everyone over the lifecycle. So that through this idea it is hoped that it can be a solution for the economic recovery of the community in Pasuruan City due to the Covid-19 Pandemic.

The Earnings Difference of Workers in Indonesia: 2007 and 2014

The purposes of this study are to measure the earnings difference and the factors that influence earnings difference between 2007 and 2014 using data sourced from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014. The income determinant analysis results found that the longer a person's education year and work experience, the higher the income. Income will be even greater if someone is a man, lives in urban areas, and works in the non-agriculture sector. Moreover, there is no evidence that religion and ethnicity affect income. Then, I used the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method to distinguish the factors contributing to the difference in income to be explained factors and unexplained factors. It was found that that the income gap between 2007 and 2014 was 13.2 percentage points. Endowment factor contribution is more significant than unexplained factors. Furthermore, decomposition at different income levels shows that the endowment factor's effect on earning difference is getting smaller at higher income levels.

The Spatial Pattern of Fraudulence Risk in Legal Metrology and Its Socio-Economic Drivers

This study develops a fraudulence risk in the legal metrology model, gaining insight into urban spatial characteristics as contextual variables that may cause a risk of fraud. The model uses Geographically Weighted Regression on the Metrological Consumer Index data of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The findings indicate a wide distribution of recorded fraudulence risk in legal metrology across Bandung, with a spatially clustered pattern based on spatial and context of varying neighbourhood attributes. The results also show an increase in the fraudulence risk in legal metrology in the central business district of Bandung. Such phenomena could be attributed to the residents who trade and are involved in the measurement practice. The findings also suggested that the areas with more senior residents were more likely to have a high fraudulence risk in legal metrology. On the other hand, areas with a high proportion of poor and lesser-educated people exhibit low risk.These findings are helpful for legal metrology authorities seeking to establish appropriate strategies to mitigate adverse impacts of fraudulence risk in legal metrology practice on communities. It can also help identify high fraudulence risk in legal metrology areas to geo-target when and where to disseminate information to increase awareness of the dangers.

Measuring the Impact of Tax Inspection on Firms' Performance

The tax compliance problem is an imminent issue in a self-assessment taxation system in Indonesia. Tax audit is an important tool used by the tax authority to address the problem. Several studies showed that tax inspection might change the behavior of the taxpayers. Therefore, it is interesting to see how tax inspection will affect taxpayers' behavior related to their subjective measure of firms' performance. This research uses the difference-in-difference approach combine with the entropy balancing method to estimate the causal impact of tax inspection on firms’ performance. The findings showed that the inspected firms showed an increase in their perception of capital utilization which can be explained using tax evasion model or managerial benefits concept.

The Impact of Biogas Utilization on Poverty in Indonesia

The provision of reliable, adequate, and sustainable energy services has been a global challenge until today. Without the availability of energy, particularly for cooking and lighting, leads to difficulties in achieving the expected quality of life, mainly for underprivileged people who have not met the minimum standard of living. In order to fulfill the necessity of energy, new renewable energy sources are needed, one of which is through biogas installations. The purpose of this study was to find empirical evidence related to the impact of biogas utilization on poverty, especially in rural areas, by transforming the number of underprivileged people in an area. Through Village Potential (Potensi Desa/Podes) data 2008 – 2018, Biogas development from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in 2011-2017, and using the difference-in-differences (DID) method, it is expected that this study might contribute to the literature, especially related to energy, with comprehensive results. This study detected that after the implementation of biogas installation program, the number of beneficiaries of health insurance programs in villages with biogas installations decreased by 136 people compared to villages without biogas.

The Behaviour of Consumer and Strategy of Development of Legal Metrology Performance

This study explores the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) in legal metrology since there is very little information on knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning legal metrology. The survey data gathered from 24.360 respondents across 34 provinces in Indonesia assessed the understanding concerning legal metrology by applying descriptive statistics, correlation, and multinomial regression analysis. The results show the consumers generally have better knowledge in legal metrology, an excellent attitude about the importance of legal metrology, and critical behaviour in mitigating fraudulence risk when doing trade transactions at the marketplace. Variable of gender and age tends to impact knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning legal metrology issues. The study also found that the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice is likely to be non-linear. The outcomes of exploring the behaviour of consumers through knowledge, attitude, and practice in legal metrology can be beneficial for legal metrology authorities to analyze the impact of setting policies and programs. Also, to develop a strategy to increase public awareness in legal metrology so that the consumers can be more critical in protecting themselves from various fraudulence in measurement in trade transactions.

The Impact of Provincial Forest Subsidies on Deforestation in Indonesia

This study investigates the impact of the forest subsidy on deforested area. Panel data used to examine whether the forest subsidy and the logging tariff policy can curb the deforested area in the province from 2009 to 2019. Pooled OLS was the suitable model to estimate the relationship. The study found unexpected result that the increase in forest subsidy increased the deforested area in a province. Whereas the increase in industry-manufacturing sector worker reduced the deforested area. Another unpredictable result was the logging tariff, which is expected to reduce deforested areas, did not affect the deforested area in a province.

Factors Affecting Life Expectancy in East Java: Predictions with A Bayesian Model Averaging Approach

This study predicts the factors that influence life expectancy in East Java, Indonesia. In particular, this study compares the prediction results between the linear regression model and the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). The study used a 2015 data set from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of the province of East Java.The results of data exploration show that the life expectancy in East Java is 70.68 years, the Bondowoso regency is the region with the lowest life expectancy at 65.73 years and the city of Surabaya is the area with the highest life expectancy value in East Java, which is 73.85 years.The results of the inference study indicate that the factors that are expected to affect life expectancy in East Java are the infant mortality rate and the illiteracy rate of the population aged 10 and over.The results of the comparison between the BMA and the regression show that the BMA is a better model for predicting the factors that affect life expectancy in East Java than the regression model because the BMA model can estimate the parameters more efficiently by estimating the model parameters based on the standard error value.

Airflow Study of A Closed Room in the Public Spaces and Mass Transportation for Healthy and Safe from The Transmission of Covid19

We present engineering airflow to intercept the transmission of Covid19 in public spaces and public transportations, which relatively fast and simple. This technique is to suppress effectively and as massive as possible the spread of aerosols and droplets contaminated with the COVID-19 virus that is flying in the air by providing a vertical downward flow using fans placed on the ceilings and the use of floors of the certain material so that aerosol and microdroplets will not bounce back up, difficult to roll, and firmly attached to the floor. The numerical airflow simulation shows that positioning the fan on the ceiling of the room will cause the air particle to move faster downward, which will push the microdroplets to fall to the floor more quickly, so that the microdroplets and aerosols will quickly move away from the most risk organs from the transmission, namely the mouth and nose. The contactangle test results on several floor materials always show a value of fewer than 90 degrees. These phenomena cause microdroplets or aerosols that fall to the floor will stick tightly and not easily roll. This phenomenon will cause the room to be more sterile from aerosols and microdroplets that may be contaminated with Covid19. The room will be healthier and safer. This technique can be a solution that is relatively inexpensive and simple to implement on a field scale and is very effective in reducing the radius of the spread of droplets or aerosols in closed spaces, both public spaces and public transportation, such as trains and city buses which are very susceptible to Covid19 transmission.

Indonesian’s Industrial Decission on Self-Generated Electricity

This study analyzes the factors that determine firms' decisions on self-generated electricity in Indonesia. Specifically, I explore the difference in industries' decisions making across Indonesian five major islands in the past ten years. The empirical investigation utilizes Indonesian's Large and Medium Firm dataset of the years 2004, 2009, and 2014 from Indonesian Statistics. The empirical results show that an industry with higher output, higher income, and less labor is positively associated with the probability of having a self-generated electricity. Moreover, for firms that located in Kalimantan and Papua/Nusa Tenggara/Maluku island, they have a higher probability (24.7% and 19.8%, in comparison with Jawa/Bali island) of the self-generated electricity. The industry that plays in agriculture sector is also more likely to self-generate electricity. The year effect on the study indicates that in 2009 the industries reduce the usage of self-generated electricity. All of these findings are robust across different model specifications.