Incorporating Quaternary Prevention: Understanding the Full Scope of Public Health Practices in Sexual Abuse Prevention

This discussion piece argues for a refinement in our understanding of prevention in sexual abuse, suggesting that we include quaternary prevention on the grounds that this concept from medical literature has potential and helpful application to criminal justice and particularly to work with those who cause sexual harm. Located within the paradigm of Epidemiological Criminology (EpiCrim), quaternary prevention extends the prevention spectrum to enable a stronger distinction between tertiary level responses and long-term safe, sustainable reintegration into communities, particularly of those who sexually abuse others. The key principles of quaternary prevention are adapted and refined from current medical literature, and the potential usefulness of quaternary prevention to crime and sex abuse prevention is explored.

Een oorlogsroman: Jeroen Brouwers, Het hout

From page one, the novel The stick, by the Dutch writer Jeroen Brouwers is breathtaking and intriguing. The story is set not long after the Second World War. The young Franciscan friar Bonaventura lives in a monastery near to the German border. The community of friars there is in the grip of the pedophile friar Mansuetus and thus caught in a web of fear. Many of them, just like Mansuetus himself, sexually abuse the young pupils they have under their care. Not so Bonaventura. He is extremely unhappy there, even more so since he recently fell in love with a young woman from outside the monastery and with whom he even made love. He ardently longs to escape. Nonetheless, he remains within the walls of his hated Catholic prison. Why doesn’t he break out immediately? Brouwers’ novel succeeds to answer this question by means of a clever and a well-built composition of themes, metaphors, symbols and countless references to the Bible and the Second World War. Thus he gives his novel a suspense that lasts until the last page, circling around the question: will Bonaventura dare to leave the community or will he ultimately end up staying? Nederlandstalig abstract De roman Het hout beneemt je vanaf de eerste bladzijden de adem. Het verhaal speelt niet lang na de Tweede Wereldoorlog. De jonge Franciscaner broeder Bonaventura woont in een klooster niet ver van de Duitse grens. De kloostergemeenschap daar is in de greep geraakt van de pedofiele broeder Mansuetus en gevangen in een web van angst. Velen van hen maken, net als Mansuetus, seksueel misbruik van de jonge leerlingen die aan hen zijn toevertrouwd. Bonaventura doet dat niet. Hij voelt zich doodongelukkig in het klooster, en dat te meer omdat hij kort tevoren hartstochtelijk verliefd is geworden op een jonge vrouw van buiten het klooster en zelfs met haar naar bed is geweest. Hij verlangt er hevig naar om te ontsnappen. Niettemin blijft hij steeds maar tussen de muren van zijn gehate katholieke gevangenis zitten. Waarom gaat hij daar niet onmiddellijk vandaan? Brouwers slaagt erin om op die vraag een antwoord te geven door middel van een uitgekiende compositie van thema’s, metaforen, symbolen en talloze verwijzingen naar de Bijbel en naar de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Zo weet hij zijn roman een spanning te geven die duurt tot aan de laatste pagina en die gericht is op de vraag: durft Bonaventura het ten slotte aan om de kloostergemeenschap te verlaten of blijft hij daar uiteindelijk toch zitten?

Child Sexual Abuse

The sexual abuse of children is not a new phenomenon, but the traumatic short- and long-term mental health consequences make it essential to study and, ultimately, prevent. The labels for child sexual abuse (CSA) vary and have changed over time, examples being “child sexual abuse,” “child sexual assault,” “child sexual exploitation” and “unwanted sexual experiences.” Each has slightly different meanings and implications. Researchers, practitioners, criminal justice personnel, and policymakers also differ on how to define other aspects of CSA (e.g., age of the child, age differential between child and offender, what acts constitute CSA [touch or penetration only, or non-touch such as exposure to pornography], and risk factors that may become targets of prevention strategies). Such definitional debates impact all aspects of studying the concept, such as examining prevalence, assessment, and clinical interventions. Whether the perpetrators are known to the child (true in the majority of cases) or are strangers affects the length of time that the child is victimized sexually and whether and how they disclose the abuse. The sexual abuse of boys, while a relatively small proportion of sexual victimizations, was not given the attention it warranted until relatively recently. Perpetrators are both males and females (an estimated 20 percent), but the type of CSA differs based on the sex of the offender. Special circumstances in which CSA occurs include the abuse of children in institutions and the CSA of children with disabilities. Disclosing CSA is difficult for many children and, rather than directly disclosing, many mention the abuse indirectly or much later on. Once disclosed, intervention typically consists of child protection services assessment and trauma-focused counseling. Child advocacy centers (CACs) have become the standard agencies to investigate and support CSA victims and non-offending family members. There are a number of ways to provide CSA prevention programs, such as media education, but the most common approach is educating children about the risks and teaching them strategies that may assist them in avoiding abusers or seeking assistance early on. The launch of the Internet has introduced new ways to sexually abuse children, with easier access to child pornography, abuse in real time, and trafficking children for commercial sexual exploitation.

Beyond Belief: How the "Corroboration Rule" in Malawi Obstructs Justice for Victims of Sex Crimes and Discriminates Against Women and Girls on the Basis of Sex—A Call for Legislative Change

Sexual abuse against women and girls in Malawi is pervasive, and survivors face significant barriers in their quest for justice. One particular barrier—the “corroboration rule”—stands out as a discriminatory and onerous roadblock for women and girls who seek justice as victims of sex crimes. The corroboration rule is a common law rule of evidence and criminal procedure that requires prosecutors trying sex offence cases to have independent evidence in addition to a victim’s testimony, even if that testimony is credible and shows beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the sex crime. This heightened evidentiary standard for victims of sex crimes is based on the stereotype that women and girls are apt to lie about being raped and that their word alone—no matter how clear, convincing, or credible—should not be enough to put a rapist behind bars. Because of the rule, too many women and girls in Malawi are not treated equally in the criminal justice system, and rarely are those who sexually abuse them brought to justice in court. This fosters a climate of impunity for rapists and sexual abusers. While many countries around the world used to require the corroboration rule in sexual offences, in the modern era, Malawi stands apart from the rest of the world as one of the few countries that still requires its use as a matter of common law. However, with a constitution that guarantees equality for women and girls and equal access to justice under the law, and as a State Party to treaties that guarantee the same, Malawi’s Parliament should abolish the corroboration rule.

School Employee Sexual Misconduct: Red Flag Grooming Behaviors by Perpetrators

The sexual exploitation of students is a worldwide problem. In the U.S., the problem is three-fold: (1) Ten percent of public school students report being sexually abused by a school employee. (2) There is little in the existing research that identifies and describes the school culture, patterns, and conditions in which educator sexual misconduct occurs. (3) Because no one has systematically documented the school culture and the behaviors and patterns of adults who sexually abuse children in schools, school professionals fail to understand what patterns and behaviors should trigger concern, supervision, investigation, and/or reporting. Stopping sexual misconduct directed toward students means understanding the process that adults use to prepare students to be abused so that they do not tell, do not fight, and acquiesce. This process, called grooming, has the purpose of gaining student trust, as well as the trust of parents and colleagues. This study examines school employee sexual misconduct toward students in school in the United States and is based upon an analysis of 222 cases of school employee sexual misconduct toward a student where a school employee was convicted of student sexual abuse. The findings identify red flag grooming patterns used with students, colleagues, and parents.

Pemaafan (Forgiveness) Istri Terhadap Suami Pelaku Pelecehan Seksual pada Anak

The purpose of this study is to find out how the forgiveness of the wife (forgiveness) of the husband of the perpetrators of sexual abuse of children. The subjects of this study were two wives whose husbands were sexually abusing children. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research method with a phenomenological research design. Based on research by researchers carefully that two subjects forgive their husbands who sexually abuse children. In this study there are three aspects of forgiveness, namely 1) avoidance motivations, 2) revenge motivations, and 3) beneviolence motivations. From the research findings on both subjects, it was found that the aspects that caused forgiveness in both subjects were avoidance motivations, and beneviolence motivations. While from the aspect of revenge motivations, it is not the cause of the two subjects giving forgiveness to their husbands, because the feelings of love and love of the subject to their husbands are not what they used to be, and they choose to stay with their husbands because of their children and in-laws.

La caiguda de Felicià Piquer, bruixot processat per la Inquisició de València (1669-1673)

Resum: Felicià Piquer és un modest bruixot de la ciutat de València, amb no merescuda fama de sacatesoros; com tots aquests, té algun coneixement de màgia i sobretot molta xerrameca i poca vergonya, tot i que la seua característica personal és que empra les seues operacions màgiques per a abusar sexualment de dones, cosa que acabarà portant-lo a la presó reial i finalment als calabossos del sant Ofici; al seu procés inquisitorial, entre els anys 1669 i 1673 es descriuen les seues darreres aventures, habilitats, tècniques i instruments i modus operandi, així com la seua trista fi, delatat fins i tot pels seus companys de presó. Paraules clau: Inquisició, bruixeria, processos inquisitorials, sacatesoros Abstract: Felicià Piquer is a modest wizard from the city of València, with no deserved fame of sacatesoros (treasures finder); like all of them, has some magic knowledge and above all he is chatty and shameless, although his personal characteristic is that he uses his magical operations to sexually abuse women, which will lead him to royal jail and finally to the jails of the Santo Oficio (Holy Office, Inquisition); in his inquisitorial process, between 1669 and 1673, his latest adventures, abilities, techniques and instruments and modus operandi are described, as well as his sad ending, denounced even by his prison companions. Keywords: Inquisition, witchcraft, inquisitorial processes, sacatesoros (treasures finder)