Integrating tea and tourism: a potential sustainable livelihood approach for Indonesia tea producer central area

The social changes within society with regard to tea are widespread in Indonesia and today are experienced as tourism, where a part of many tourist activities, whereby local tea traditions, cultures, services and attractions are experienced. Indonesia as both tea-producing and tea-consuming country has high potential to integrate with tourism to increase the sustainability of community livelihood. This study used a sustainable livelihood approach in a systematic framework to examine the relationships between tea and tourism, as well as enriched the interviews of tourist actors and 203 tourists with experiences of visiting the tea tourism destinations. This study finding that there has been an increase of diversity of livelihoods of the people around the tea plantations where have been developed into tourism. Corporate social responsibility provides a further opportunity in sustainable tea tourism development. Increasing services satisfaction of the tea tourists is one of the most important ways to increase the revisit intention. Creating a mutual partnership synergy can cover the lack of resources and competencies in tea and tourism integration development. For practical implications in the future are the important to enlarge integration between tea and tourism, build partnership, stimulate more local participation, and increase local benefits as their ways of life.

Measuring partnership synergy and functioning: Multi-stakeholder collaboration in primary health care

In primary health care, multi-stakeholder partnerships between clinicians, policy makers, academic representatives and other stakeholders to improve service delivery are becoming more common. Literature on processes and approaches that enhance partnership effectiveness is growing. However, evidence on the performance of the measures of partnership functioning and the achievement of desired outcomes is still limited, due to the field’s definitional ambiguity and the challenges inherent in measuring complex and evolving collaborative processes. Reliable measures are needed for external or self-assessment of partnership functioning, as intermediate steps in the achievement of desired outcomes. We adapted the Partnership Self-Assessment Tool (PSAT) and distributed it to multiple stakeholders within five partnerships in Canada and Australia. The instrument contained a number of partnership functioning sub-scales. New sub-scales were developed for the domains of communication and external environment. Partnership synergy was assessed using modified Partnership Synergy Processes and Partnership Synergy Outcomes sub-scales, and a combined Partnership Synergy scale. Ranking by partnership scores was compared with independent ranks based on a qualitative evaluation of the partnerships’ development. 55 (90%) questionnaires were returned. Our results indicate that the instrument was capable of discriminating between different levels of dimensions of partnership functioning and partnership synergy even in a limited sample. The sub-scales were sufficiently reliable to have the capacity to discriminate between individuals, and between partnerships. There was negligible difference in the correlations between different partnership functioning dimensions and Partnership Synergy sub-scales. The Communication and External Environment sub-scales did not perform well metrically. The adapted partnership assessment tool is suitable for assessing the achievement of partnership synergy and specific indicators of partnership functioning. Further development of Communication and External Environment sub-scales is warranted. The instrument could be applied to assess internal partnership performance on key indicators across settings, in order to determine if the collaborative process is working well.

Why do some inter-organisational collaborations in healthcare work when others do not? A realist review

Background Inter-organisational collaboration is increasingly prominent within contemporary healthcare systems. A range of collaboration types such as alliances, networks, and mergers have been proposed as a means to turnaround organisations, by reducing duplication of effort, enabling resource sharing, and promoting innovations. However, in practice, due to the complexity of the process, such efforts are often rife with difficulty. Notable contributions have sought to make sense of this area; however, further understanding is needed in order to gain a better understanding of why some inter-organisational collaborations work when others do not, to be able to more effectively implement collaborations in the future. Methods Realist review methodology was used with the intention of formulating context-mechanism-outcome configurations (CMOCs) to explain how inter-organisational collaborations work and why, combining systematic and purposive literature search techniques. The systematic review encompassed searches for reviews, commentaries, opinion pieces, and case studies on HMIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Social Policy and Practice databases, and further searches were conducted using Google Scholar. Data were extracted from included studies according to relevance to the realist review. Results Fifty-three papers were included, informing the development of programme theories of how, why, and when inter-organisational collaborations in healthcare work. Formulation of our programme theories incorporated the concepts of partnership synergy and collaborative inertia and found that it was essential to consider mechanisms underlying partnership functioning, such as building trust and faith in the collaboration to maximise synergy and thus collaborative performance. More integrative or mandated collaboration may lean more heavily on contract to drive collaborative behaviour. Conclusion As the first realist review of inter-organisational collaborations in healthcare as an intervention for improvement, this review provides actionable evidence for policymakers and implementers, enhancing understanding of mechanisms underlying the functioning and performing of inter-organisational collaborations, as well as how to configure the context to aid success. Next steps in this research will test the results against further case studies and primary data to produce a further refined theory. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019149009

Why do some inter-organisational collaborations in healthcare work when others do not? A realist review

Background Inter-organisational collaboration is increasingly prominent within contemporary healthcare systems. A range of collaboration types such as alliances, networks, and mergers have been proposed as a means to turnaround organisations, by reducing duplication of effort, enabling resource sharing, and promoting innovations. However, in practice, due to the complexity of the process, such efforts are often rife with difficulty. Notable contributions have sought to make sense of this area, however further understanding is needed in order to gain a better understanding of why some inter-organisational collaborations work when others do not, to be able to more effectively implement collaborations in the future. Methods Realist review methodology was used with the intention of formulating context-mechanism-outcome configurations (CMOCs) to explain how inter-organisational collaborations work and why., combining systematic and purposive literature search techniques . The systematic review encompassed searches for reviews, commentaries, opinion pieces and case studies on HMIC, Medline, PsycINFO, and Social Policy and Practice databases and further searches were conducted using Google Scholar. Data were extracted from included studies according to relevance to the realist review. Results Fifty-three papers were included, informing the development of programme theories of how, why, and when inter-organisational collaborations in healthcare work. Formulation of our programme theories incorporated the concepts of Partnership Synergy and Collaborative Inertia and found that it was essential to consider mechanisms underlying partnership functioning, such as building trust and faith in the collaboration to maximise synergy and thus collaborative performance. More integrative or mandated collaboration may lean more heavily on contract to drive collaborative behaviour. Conclusion As the first realist review of inter-organisational collaborations in healthcare as an intervention for improvement, this review provides actionable evidence for policymakers and implementers, enhancing understanding of mechanisms underlying the functioning and performing of inter-organisational collaborations, as well as how to configure the context to aid success. Next steps in this research will test the results against further case studies and primary data to produce a further refined theory. Review registration This review is registered at PROSPERO with ID CRD42019149009. Keywords Collaboration, partnership working, integration, healthcare, improvement, realist review, realist synthesis, context, programme theory, implementation

Innovative renewable energy technology projects’ success through partnership

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to uncover the importance of several variables centered around partnership in renewable energy (RE) projects. The concept developed earlier is applied to the project environment to identify interrelations between external and internal drivers, project partnership, resources and project success. A framework consisting of logical chain to project success is proposed. Design/methodology/approach The study derived the concepts and variables of RE projects’ partnership from the academic literature. The methodology of the case study was used to gain insights in relation to the variables in the logical chain of the proposed framework, suggesting that certain external/internal drivers direct diverse stakeholders to a partnership. Findings RE technologies are not commodities and require involvement of different stakeholders, who directly or indirectly are impacted by implementation of the RE projects. For the project to be a success, it is critical to involve the stakeholders early in the process and induce partnership synergy, through which dynamic capabilities and implementation mechanisms are capitalized upon as resources to achieve project success. Originality/value There appears to be no specific framework directly linking partnership synergy and project success; their relationships are only indirectly inferred. Focusing on project-level activities of public and private stakeholders the paper proposes a framework that conceptualizes relationships among external/internal drivers, partnership, resources and project success/performance. This could be a promising future research direction, helping technology project stakeholders maximize their returns by realizing full advantage of collaboration and partnership

3006 Academic-Community Partnership and Capacity Strengthening for Deaf Community-engaged Research in the Dominican Republic

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Deaf communities in many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) struggle to organize, advocate, and reach social and health equity in their nations. In the Dominican Republic (DR), the health and social status of Deaf citizens is unclear, which obfuscates action and advocacy based on data. A set of successful pre-existing US-DR partnerships that function well but were not previously connected, organized around submission of a community-based NIH research grant and pilot work to support it. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Adapting the Partnership Synergy Framework for this purpose, we evaluate the partnership, its evolution, and its experience in implementing formative research. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our experience showed the local Deaf community organization easily recruited and interfaced with the Deaf community; presence of a trusted external organization facilitated entry of the PUCMM-UR research team; and stakeholders are enthusiastic about the partnership, its outputs, and the ability to recruit Dominican Deaf citizens into research. The partnership organized around production of an R21 to the Fogarty International Center (NIH), including Human Subjects certification, budget and scope of work negotiation, and inclusion of preliminary data. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The engagement of Deaf communities globally is virtually non-existent in clinical and translational research. This partnership in the Dominican Republic shows that partners can organize around common goals and identify logistics required to produce pilot data and an NIH grant.

Total factor productivity (TFP) of productive resources used in homestead poultry broiler farms in Niger state of Nigeria

The present research measured the total factor productivity (TFP) of productive resources used in homestead poultry broiler farms in Niger State of Nigeria, using a structured questionnaire complemented with an interview schedule to collect cross-sectional data from a drawn sample size of 97 active broiler producers via the multi-stage sampling design. The data analyses were performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from the study showed evidence of a productive labour force in the enterprise, literate farming population with a sustainable household size typical of African agrarian settings. The enterprise was found to be profitable in the studied area. Furthermore, findings showed that more than half of the sampling population was productive in the utilisation of their input resources, which may be due to technical awareness of the modern poultry management techniques in the studied area. Thereafter, it was observed that gender status, experience, capital source and operational capital were the factors affecting TFP of the farmers. Therefore, the study recommends gender sensitisation and the need for public private partnership synergy to explore the untapped potentials in this sub-sector in the studied area as almost half of the farmers were found not to be productive in the utilisation of their resources.

A proposed framework for renewable energy technology commercialization and partnership synergy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework for renewable energy (RE) technology commercialization and partnership synergy. The interrelations/influences between external/internal factors, stakeholders’ partnership synergy, and resources in the form of dynamic capabilities and implementation mechanisms are used in this framework to explore the path toward overcoming non-technical barriers for RE technologies commercialization success. Design/methodology/approach – Prior relevant research/literature is reviewed to derive the proposed theoretical framework constructs, while insight information on relationship between them is gained through case study methodology. The results of four case studies along with 16 validity/checkpoint interviews were used to support/reject 25 propositions linking the constructs. Findings – The findings of the study supported 24 out of 25 propositions representing these relations, whereas one was rejected. The framework suggests that partnership synergy, if achieved, produces a unique internal and external resource combination that will result in successful technology commercialization. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to RE technologies and did not focus individually on non-technical barriers. Future research may extend into other industries and explore the impact of partnership synergy on each non-technical barrier of technology commercialization. Originality/value – Due to absence of economic theory of synergy there is a gap in academic literature regarding partnership between stakeholders of innovative technologies, the level of its synergy and their relation to successful commercialization. The study attempts to fill this gap to some extent through the produced theoretical framework, which might also help a broad array of RE projects’ participants maximize the returns by realizing full advantage of collaboration with other stakeholders.