ABOUT THE MEANING OF THE PERSONAL TYPOLOGIES OF A CORRUPT OFFICIAL

В статье приводится авторский взгляд на формирование причин и условий совершения коррупционных правонарушений сотрудниками правоохранительных органов. Анализируется криминологическая характеристика личности лиц, совершивших преступления коррупционной направленности, рассматриваются особенности квалификации составов ст. 290, ч. 3 ст. 159 УК РФ. Выделяются особенности личности коррупционера, детерминанты, присущие работникам правоохранительных органов первых годов службы. Ключевым в настоящей работе видится анализ возможных коррупционных проявлений, сопутствующих профессиональной деятельности сотрудников правоохранительных органов. Автором выделяются основные проявления, предлагается их авторская классификация . Целью работы выступает анализ и выделение авторской позиции типологии личности преступника-коррупционера в правоохранительных органах. Методами исследования являются: сравнительно-правовой, формально-юридический, конкретно-социологический, анализ. Основные результаты, выводы исследовательской работы: обосновывается важность установления факторов, влияющих на формирование личности преступника-коррупционера, причины и условия, способствующие совершению коррупционных деяний на правоохранительной службе; определены основные направления и предложения по формированию научной составляющей криминологической характеристике личности преступника-коррупционера. Данная научная работа может внести вклад в развитие криминологических взглядов на типологию личности преступника-коррупционера для дальнейшего формирования профилактических мер совершения коррупционных правонарушений. The article provides the author's view on the formation of the reasons and conditions for committing corruption offenses committed by law enforcement officials. The criminological characteristics of the personality of persons who have committed corruption-related crimes are analyzed, the peculiarities of the qualifications of the compositions of Art. 290, part 3 of Art. 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The features of the personality of a corrupt official, the determinants inherent in law enforcement officers in the first years of service are highlighted. The key in this work is the analysis of possible corruption manifestations accompanying the professional activities of law enforcement officers. The author highlights the main manifestations, suggests their author's classification. The aim of the work is to analyze and highlight the author's position of the typology of the personality of a corrupt criminal in law enforcement agencies. The research methods are: comparative legal, formal legal, specific sociological analysis. The main results, conclusions of the research work: substantiates the importance of establishing the factors influencing the formation of the personality of a corrupt criminal, the reasons and conditions conducive to the commission of corruption acts in the law enforcement service; the main directions and proposals for the formation of the scientific component of the criminological characterization of the personality of a corrupt criminal are determined. This scientific work can contribute to the development of criminological views on the typology of the personality of a corrupt criminal for the further formation of preventive measures for committing corruption offenses.

Psychological aspects of studying corruption

В данной статье представлен анализ основных причин коррупции, психологические особенности должностных лиц, организующие коррупционную среду. Представлены психологические особенности взаимодействия и механизмы коррупционного поведения в системе «взяткодатель – коррупционер». This article presents an analysis of the main causes of corruption, psychological characteristics of officials, organizing a corruption environment. The psychological features of interaction and mechanisms of corrupt behavior in the system "bribe-giver - corrupt official" are presented.

Anti-corruption in the Russian Federation: current state and prospects

The subject of the article is the analysis of three main aspects of the fight against corruption: the prevention of corruption, the fight against corruption and minimizing the consequences of corruption offenses. Separate gaps in the legislation affecting the effectiveness of anti-corruption, mechanisms of interaction between government, business and society, which have as their goal the prevention of corruption, are examined. The role of civil society institutions in the fight against corruption, as well as the influence of the media on the perception of the image of a corrupt official, is examined. The problem of criminalizing the liability of legal entities for corruption offenses, the problem of applying such a criminal law measure as confiscation of the property of a corrupt official are touched upon. Briefly discussed are the possibilities of transferring to the legal field some aspects of corruption in the form of organizing lobbying activities. The authors also consider aspects of minimizing the social consequences of corruption.

Ethical-psychological portrayal of a Russian corrupt official

Background. Portraying a typical Russian corrupt official is important as a preventive measure to apply within the system of human resources on civil service. Objective. The study is aimed at creating a psychological portrait of civil servants working in the environments where corruption is possible in order to reveal their attitude to corruption and to the means used to eliminate it. Design. 100 municipal civil servants from the city of Kostroma took part in an anonymized survey with a standardized questionnaire. The survey encompassed civil servants of all levels: heads of departments and their deputies (top level), department managers and their deputies (mid level), minor officials. Results. Analyzing the results obtained within the survey one can conclude that for top-level civil servants the most important advantages of municipal civil service are the ability to help people and society in solving their problems, as well as substantial pension and good psychological climate. For mid-level managing positions the main advantages are psychological climate, that comes first, and, subsequently, the ability to help people. Minor officials’ scale of values prioritizes material gain over everything else. Instead of understanding corruption in the broad sense, as abuse of authority, the way the concept of corruption is represented in the law, civil servants view it more narrowly — as bribery. The most common excuses for bribery, according to the civil servants questioned, include protection and the bosses being interested in “extra” profit as well as the situation of mutual bribing and financial problems caused by low salary. The barriers for bribery, in civil servants’ opinion, are moral norms and the fear to be punished or fired. Conclusions. The analysis of literature on the subject, as well as the empirical study conducted, allows to single out the most characteristic features that a corrupt civil servant has. Corrupt civil servants are highly extravert, they are very eager to please people, and have a variety of addictions. The values of power and dominance contribute to making corruption acceptable, while the primary role of care and universalism lower its level.

Psychological Make-up of Corrupt Officials Serving their Sentences in Confinement Institutions

The article discusses the psychological make-up of corrupt officials serving their prison sentences in confinement institutions. We established that they are distinguished by the following qualities: attentiveness and persistence in attaining their personally significant goals, lack of straightforwardness in communication, machiavellism, distinct deviousness, slyness, insidiousness, cynicism, estrangement, emotional indifference, disregard for moral and ethical standards, tendency to manipulate and need to dominate others, aspiration for high social standing. The empirical study that we conducted in the places of imprisonment helped us to reveal the six-factor personality structure of a corrupt official. By the usage of cluster analysis the corrupted officials have been diagnosed to be of the venal personality type. On the one hand, individuals of this type are distinguished by the pronounced domination factor, on the other hand, the adequacy of their self-appraisal is low.

All Sins are not Created Equal: The Factors that Drive Perceptions of Corruption Severity

Despite corruption’s effects on citizen welfare, there is substantial variation in when citizens are willing to sanction government wrongdoing. This paper uses a conjoint survey experiment, conducted in Uganda, to test how information about the position a corrupt official holds, and the details of an act of embezzlement affect citizens’ perceptions of corruption severity and willingness to punish. I find that the revenue source of stolen funds and the sector to which the funds had been allocated have the largest impact on perceived severity, followed by whether stolen funds are spent privately or recirculated through patronage or clientelism. The position the corrupt official holds has a smaller impact on severity, including whether the official was elected and whether he was a central or local official.

On the Measures Against Corruption

Issues related to the development of corruption in the modern social system, as well as in Russia, are examined. The influence of corruption on social relations on the legal basis of the state’s existence is analyzed. In conclusion, it is proposed that the definition of corruption should have a legislative legal structure that does not exclude the legal definition of a qualifying sign of combating corruption crimes. In this case, it is possible to develop a mechanism for confiscating the property of a corrupt official. The essence of anti-corruption, in this case, is a sequential consideration of the causes of corruption in general, the facts of corruption in particular, the analysis of the information studied.