Study of the antibacterial capacity of extracts of Solanum incanum L., (Solanaceae) traditionally used for the management of avian cholera in rural areas of Burkina Faso

Nowadays, thanks to the rise of microbial resistance, the lack of health care personnel and especially the high cost of synthetic molecules, phytotherapy could be a panacea in many developing countries. For this reason, the present work which aims to evaluate the phenolic compounds and to study the antibacterial capacity of extracts of roots, stems, leaves and fruits of Solanum incanum L., (Solanaceae) traditionally used for the treatment of pasteurellosis or avian cholera in Burkina Faso, was undertaken. For this purpose, we collected plant material in the commune of Dedougou. After extraction with acetone and water, colorimetric tests were carried out on the different extracts and revealed mostly the presence of tannins and coumarins. The Hydroacetone macerated extract was found to be very interesting for biological activities compared to the macerated extracts and the aqueous decoctions. Inhibition of bacterial growth on different bacterial strains was also shown for all the extracts, especially with Hydroacetone extract. These results could be mainly explained by the inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds. The Hydroacetone extract was also found to be especially very relevant for the prevention and treatment of microbial diseases from poultry.

HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOLIC FRUIT & LEAVE EXTRACTS OF Solanum incanum (GARDEN EGG) IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RATS

This research seeks to assess the hypoglycemic effect of the ethanolic leave and fruit extracts of Solanum incanum instreptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats. 200g of each of the extracted powder of fruit and leaf of Solanum incanum will be dissolved in 1600 ml of ethanol in a glass bottlerespectively for a period of 48 hours with intermittent vigorous shaking. The solution will be filteredwith, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) 60 mesh size while the filtrate will becollected and evaporated at 45°C using water bath. The dried concentrate (extract) will then be storedin a sealed transparent bottle for subsequent use. Diabetes will be induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (120 mg/kg body weight)after 18 hours fast while 5% glucose solution will be administered orally so as to prevent the druginduced hypoglycemic effect of streptozotocin. After 72 hours of streptozotocin injection, bloodsamples will be collected by tail snip method to determine the blood glucose concentrations to confirmthe development of Diabetes Mellitus. Albino rats with fasting blood glucose concentration of greaterthan 126 mg/dl will be considered hyperglycemic and will be selected for the study.The animals will be randomly divided into nine groups each containing five wistar rats while each wistar rat will be marked using black stain. The Non-Diabetic group:Group A: (NORMAL CONTROL/Non-Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered 0.5 ml normalsaline only. On the 7th and 14th days of treatment, the blood glucose levels of the wistar rats will bedetermined using accu-check glucometer, the animals will then be weighed to determine the effect ofthe plant extract on their body weights. The results obtained will then be expressed in g of body weightand mg/d1 of blood respectively. While the Diabetic groups:Group B: (NEGATIVE CONTROL/Untreated Diabetic Wistar Rats): will Serve as diabeticcontrol; receiving 0.5 ml normal saline/day/rat.Group C: (POSITIVE CONTROL/Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered Glibenclamide (10mg/kg b.wt./day) in 0.5 ml normal saline as a fine aqueous suspension orally.Group D 1: (TEST CONTROL Ia /Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a daily low dose ofethanolic fruit extract of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueous suspension orally in 0.5 ml normal saline. Group D 2: (TEST CONTROL Ib /Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a daily high dose ofethanolic fruit extract of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueous suspension orally in 0.5 ml normal saline Group E 1: (TEST CONTROL IIa /Dabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a daily low dose ofethanolic leaf extract of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueoussuspension orally in 0.5 ml normal salineGroup E 2: (TEST CONTROL IIb /Dabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a daily high dose ofethanolic leaf extract of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueoussuspension orally in 0.5 ml normal salineGroup F 1: (TEST CONTROL IIIa /Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a low dose ofcombined ethanolic leaf and fruit extracts of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueous suspension orally in0.5 ml normal salineGroup F 2: (TEST CONTROL IIIb /Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a high dose ofcombined ethanolic leaf and fruit extracts of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueous suspension orally in0.5 ml normal salineCollection and treatment of sample:The extracts will be reconstituted in normal saline water and administered orally on daily basis. Theextract group will be treated with high and low doses of the leaf and fruit ethanolic extacts respectively,while the diabetic control and the normal control will be given 0.5 ml of saline water for a period of 14days. At the end of 14 days, the fasting blood glucose levels of all the animals will be taken, afterwhich the animals will be weighed and anaesthetized using chloroform and bled by cardiac puncture24 h after the last treatment. The blood sample will then be collected in plain bottles, allowed to clotand the serum separated by centrifugation for 10 min, which will then be collected and stored at 37℃and finally subjected to biochemical analysis.Biochemical analysis: The serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, High Density Lipoproteinsand Low Density Lipoprotein will be determined by a lipid profile auto analyzer.Statistical analysis: Data will be expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Comparative analysesbetween and amongst variables will be done using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A post hoccomparison (LSD) test will be performed to further ascertain significant differences between means.Statistical significance will be set at P<0.05. All statistical analysis will be done using SPSS.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF Solanum incanum AGAINST Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Human pathogenic microorganisms have developed resistance in response to indiscriminative use of commercial drugs. Plants produce many secondary metabolites with microbiocidal activity hence their use in traditional medicine. Herbalists in Kenya use medicinal plants including Solanum incanum in treating microbial infections. Though S. incanum has been used to treat different diseases in humans and animals, there is little information on antimicrobial activities of its extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of solanum incanum leaves, roots and seeds extracts were determined. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaf, root and seed of concentrations 25, 50, 75 and 100, and amoxicillin 25 mg/ml (control) with three replications were used for antibacterial analysis by the agar-well diffusion method. The results were subjected to analysis of variance at P < 0.05. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids and tannins. Solanum incanum exhibited significant antibacterial effect against the two test bacteria. Ethanol extracts were more active than extracts against the bacteria. Ethanol extracts at 100% inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus more than the Escherichia coli. The zones of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus were 35.0±0.6 mm, 30.94±0.3 mm and 30.14±0.64mm for seed, root and leaves respectively.On the other hand, the zones of inhibition for Escherichia coliat 100% ethanol were 27.20±0.06, 23.14±0.12 and 21.0±0.4 seed, root and leaves respectively.The results validate the use of these plants in ethnomedicine and potential of this plant in treating infections caused by the two bacteria.

Antimicrobial and In Vitro Cytotoxic Efficacy of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) Fabricated by Callus Extract of Solanum incanum L.

The in vitro callus induction of Solanum incanum L. was executed on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of auxin and cytokinin utilizing petioles and explants of leaves. The highest significant fresh weights from petioles and leaf explants were 4.68 and 5.13 g/jar for the medium supplemented with1.0 mg L−1 BA and 1.0 mg L−1 2,4-D. The callus extract of the leaves was used for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). Analytical methods used for Ag-NPs characterization were UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Spherical, crystallographic Ag-NPs with sizes ranging from 15 to 60nm were successfully formed. The FT-IR spectra exhibited the role of the metabolites involved in callus extract in reducing and capping Ag-NPs. The biological activities of Ag-NPs were dose-dependent. The MIC value for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli was 12.5 µg mL−1, while it was 6.25 µg mL−1 for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The highest inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, and Pythium ultimum was 76.3 ± 3.7, 88.9 ± 4.1, 67.8 ± 2.1, and 76.4 ± 1.0%, respectively at 200 µg mL−1. Moreover, green synthesized Ag-NPs showed cytotoxic efficacy against cancerous cell lines HepG2, MCF-7 and normal Vero cell line with IC50 values of 21.76 ± 0.56, 50.19 ± 1.71, and 129.9 ± 0.94 µg mL−1, respectively.

The GCMS Analysis of the Diethylether and Ethylacetate Fraction of the Peel of Solanum incanum and the Study of Their Antibacterial Activity

The ethyl acetate and diethyl ether extracts of the peel of the fruit of Solanum incanum. (S. incanum) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 105 compounds were identified in the diethyl ether extract and 75 compounds were identified in ethyl acetate extract. Among them, the mass spectral data of 5 compounds were analyzed, discussed and compared with NIST database. The antibacterial screening was also conducted for both the diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fraction of the fruit peel S.incanum using four pathogens, two Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) and Streptococcus pyogenes ( S. pyogenes ) ant two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Klebsiella pneumoniae ( K. pneumonia ), at four different concentrations (250, 500, 750 and 1000 μg/mL). The diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the peel of S. incanum exhibited activity against E. coli and K. pneumonia at 1000 μg/mL concentration