How to Harvest Haylage Bales in Sustainable Agriculture

Storing silage in round bales (balage) is a commonly used method for preserving forage for use as stock fodder that has a higher nutritional content than hay. Baling at the optimum density is important for ensuring ideal fermentation conditions. In the manuscript, we present the research methodology and the results of the experiment. We did experiments over the density of haylage bales. We investigated the effect of the moisture content in the harvested material, the length of the cut material and the pressing pressure in the round baler. We used the Barenbrug BG-5 forage mix at different moisture content levels (69, 63, 56, 49, and 42%), that was either unchopped or chopped by the round baler’s cutter bars (312 and 183 mm length) and baled at three different pressing pressures (0.9, 1.4, and 1.8 MPa). The results showed that forage density in the bales reached the highest value at a moisture content of 56% and a pressing pressure of 1.8 MPa, with the forage chopped by the cutter bars.

OPTIMUM DENSITY OF Nannochloropsis sp. FOR MASS SCALE CORAL TROUT, Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepède, 1802)

Coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepède, 1802)is a visual feeder. Turbidity caused by phytoplankton or clay particle in the water will affect the visual foraging of coral trout larvae. Addition of Nannochloropsis sp. has been included in standard operational procedure for marine fish larval rearing as green water. However, the density of Nannochlorposis sp. in coral trout larval rearing system has not been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the optimal of Nannochloropsis sp. required for rearing of coral trout larvae. Nannochloropsis sp. was given to two days old larvae (D-2), with the densities of 2 x 105, 4 x 105, and 6 x 105cell/mL. After 50 days rearing period (D-50), evaluation on the average size and total harvest were recorded. The results showed that the density of 2 x 105 cell/mL Nannochloropsis sp. was the best in survival rate (2.35 ± 1.05%) than other densities, but they were not significantly different (P>0.05) than those of 4 x 105 cell/mL (1.67 ± 0.70%) and 6 x 105 cell/mL (1.26 ± 1.05%). The lower densities, 2 x 105 and 4 x 105cell/mL, were dominated by more than 50% of > 2.7 cm sized juvenile. Histological analysis of fish eyes supported that the two lower densities produced dominant cone shape as the receptor cells in the retina observed. From an economical aspect, addition of 2 x 105 cells/mL resulted on the higher profit, hence optimum density of Nannochloropsis sp. added in coral trout larval rearing on a mass scale was 2 x 105 cells/mL.

Temperature Dependence on Ferroelectric, Energy Storage Density, and Electric Field-Induced Strain Response of Lead-Free Bi0.485(Na0.388K0.097)Ba0.021Sr0.009TiO3 Ceramics

In this research, Bi0.485(Na0.388K0.097)Ba0.021Sr0.009TiO3 or BNKBSrT ceramic sintered at various temperatures from 1100 °C to 1150 °C were investigated. The optimum density (5.80 g/cm3), mechanical (HK = 5.3 GPa, HV = 4.1 GPa, E = 62 GPa, and KIC = 1.35 MPa m1/2), dielectric (εr = 1525, tanδ = 0.0566), piezoelectric (d33 = 172 pC/N, g33 = 12 × 10−3 Vm/N), electric field-induced strain (Smax = 0.32%, d*33 = Smax/Emax = 640 pm/V, Q33 = 0.0340 m4/C2), and energy storage (W = 0.55 J/cm3, η = 67.2% @ 150 °C) were obtained for the ceramic sintered at 1125 °C.

KEPADATAN OPTIMUM UNTUK MENUNJANG TINGKAT KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP BENIH IKAN BANDENG (Chanos chanos) PADA TRANSPORTASI SISTEM TERTUTUP

This research aims to determine the optimum density in closed system transportation of milkfish juvenile. Milkfish juveniles used in the research had an average weight 1.48±0.12 g. The study consisted of several stages, namelydetermining the ability to fast fish, determining the level of oxygen consumption, determining the rate of excretion of total ammonia nitrogen and determining the optimum density in transportation for 48 hours.The treatments were performed differences in the density of 100, 150, 200, and 250 fish/L using polyethylene plastic size 35x50 cm and styrofoam size of 75 × 43 × 40 cm.The results showed the seed fish can survive and swim actively for 7 days without feeding with oxygen consumption rate as much as 2640 mgO2 and TAN excretion rate 0.1200 mg/L. The different treatment of density had an effect on the survival rate of milkfish juvenile. The optimal density for transportation of milkfish juvenile size 1.48 ± 0.12 g in a closed transportation system with a time of 48 hours is 150 juvenile/L with a 100% survival rate. At the density 250 juvenile/L, the can be done with a long time of 30 hours and resulted in a survival rate above 99%. Keyword: Chanos chanos, Density, Transportation closed system, Survival rate, Water Quality Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kepadatan optimal dan lama waktu dalam transportasi sistem tertutup benih ikan bandeng.Benih ikan bandeng yang digunakan memiliki bobot rata-rata 1,48±0,12g. Penelitian terdiri dari beberapa tahap, yaitu penentuan ketahanan ikan tanpa diberi makan, tingkat konsumsi oksigen, laju ekskresi total amoniak nitrogen dan kepadatan optimal benih ikan bandeng dalam transportasi selama 48 jam. Perlakuan yang dilakukan perbedaan kepadatan yaitu 100, 150, 200, dan 250 ekor/L dengan menggunakan plastik polyetylen (PE) ukuran 35x50 cm dan styrofoam ukuran 75×43×40 cm.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan benih ikan bandeng mampu bertahan hidup dan berenang aktif selama 7 hari pemuasaan ikan dengan tingkat konsumsi oksigen sebanyak 2640 mgO2 dan laju ekskresi TAN 0,1200 mg/L.Perlakuan perbedaan kepadataan berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan hidup benih ikan bandeng.Kepadatan optimal untuk transportasi benih ikan bandeng ukuran 1,48±0,12 g/ekor pada sistem transportasi tertutup selama 48 jam adalah 150 ekor/L dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup 100%. Pada kepadatan 250 ekor/L, transportasi dapat dilakukan dengan lama waktu 30 jam dan menghasilkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup di atas 99%. Kata Kunci: Ikan bandeng, Kepadatan, Kualitas Air, Transportasi sistem tertutup, Tingkat Kelangsungan Hidup

DENSITY OF SPROUTING, FIELD GERMINATION AND STABILITY OF SPRING WHEAT PLANTS DEPENDING ON VARIETY

The article examines the indicators of the structure of yields of spring wheat plants, depending on the variety in the conditions of the Chuvash Republic. The density of shoots is the first indicator of the structure of yield, which can be assessed visually. On its basis, it is possible to conduct a survey of crops, paying attention to the uniformity and amicability of emergence. According to the data (Makarova VM, 1995), in the conditions of the Non-Chernozem Zone, the optimum density of seedlings of grain crops should be considered no less than 400-500 plants per 1 m2 at the rate of sowing 6 million virgin grains per 1 hectare, while ensuring the field germination level 70 - 80%. It is known that not all seeded seeds are seedlings. Therefore, distinguish between laboratory and field germination. It should be noted that there is still a concept of the completeness of seedlings, which many people still understand as synonymous with field germination. During the vegetation the number of plants per unit area does not remain unchanged. Due to a number of reasons, attacks are observed in the crop, (Terekhov M.B., 2000). The survival rate of plants is the percentage of plants that have survived to harvest, or the ratio of the total or productive number of plants before harvesting to the number of shoots per m2.

Morphometric Relationships as Indicative of Silvicultural Interventions for Brazilian Pine in Southern Brazil

Silvicultural interventions are necessary to control the competition and to maintain the forest structure. Thus, this work aimed to know the interactions between dendro/morphometric variables to indicate density interventions in Brazilian pine Forest. Dendrometric and morphometric variables were measured from 186 individual trees of this species, which were distributed in diametric classes at three sites. With the variables were fitted models for the relationships between the degree of slenderness and the potential crown diameter as a function of the number of trees per hectare. The fit indicated that the variables showed interaction and the relationship can be described by linear function explaining between 51.9 and 99.3% of the variance between morphometry and forest density. This adjustment and information can be used to indicate the optimum density according to the amplitude of each index. The results show that the morphometric indexes and their interaction indicate the period of the interventions, having relation with the characteristics of the site, the diametric structure and the dynamics of the forest growth.

AGROTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE WORKING UNIT APPLICATION FOR UNDERGROUND SOIL TREATMENT

The subsoiling tillage is aimed at weakening the surface runoff of water and transferring it to the subsurface. The main methods of non-plowing treatment are subsoiling, flat and chisel processing, milling, chinking, deepening of the arable layer of the soil. However, the working units of existing tools for subsoiling tillage do not provide sufficient accumulation and preservation of moisture in the soil, its optimum density for the development of the root system of plants, and are characterized by increased energy intensity. This article presents the agrotechnical aspects of subsoiling, which contributes to a decrease in the development of erosion processes and an increase in moisture accumulation in the soil in conditions of a deficiency in soil moisture. The description of the soil-cultivating tool with working units of drive action is given. The results of the influence of the proposed treatment method on the agrotechnical indices of the soil are obtained.

Assessment of Wheat Optimum Density in Dryland Farming by Using Reciprocal Mode

Adjustment of seeding schemes is one of the crop management techniques that most influences grain yield. A field study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of densities on optimum wheat grain yield, biological yield and harvest index by using of reciprocal model. The treatments comprised nine wheat cultivars and five densities (200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 plants m-2 ). Evaluation analysis showed that the performance of the model was reasonable as indicated by close correspondence of simulated biomass accumulation, grain yield and harvest index with measured data. Optimum wheat density based on maximum grain yield was almost 400 plant m-2 for ‘Rasad’, ‘Azar2’, ‘Homa’, ‘Saji’, ‘Koohdasht’, ‘Gohar’ and ‘Ohadi’; however, the optimum density was of 370 and 500 plant m-2 for ‘Nicknejad’ and ‘Zagros’ respectively. As an average, the highest of grain yield belonged to ‘Azar2’ by 414 g/m-2 . Biological and grain yields were dependent on the plant density, and increased when wheat density enhanced from 200 to 400 plants/m-2.