The Influence of Paternalistic Leadership on the Development of Oriental Critical Thinking

In the context of globalization, critical thinking is still regarded as the core content of higher education. The difference between Eastern and Western cultures has a key impact on understanding critical thinking. When the current literature studies the influence of culture on critical thinking, it mainly considers from the macro level, mainly including ethnic history, traditional customs, religious beliefs, art, ethics, and so on. However, from a specific and micro cultural perspective, how critical thinking is influenced by a culture still lacks effective research. This paper studies the influence of Confucian paternalistic leadership on the development of critical thinking in the East from a specific cultural perspective. The study discovers that Asians are easier to understand how things change and they are more tolerant to conflict, which means that they see things as interrelated and interdependent. They are more likely to use intuitive and experience-based reasoning if there is a conflict between intuitive and logical reasoning. Benevolence and hierarchy in paternalistic leadership promote the formation of cooperative critical thinking in improving the operation of organizations so that the characteristics of oriental critical thinking can be analyzed more comprehensively.

“The Development of the Ideas of Scholars of Previous Generations Will Be the Best Monument for Them”: In Memory of Leonid Teodorovich Yablonsky (1950–2016)

Research objectives: To consider the creative path and main views of L.T. Yablonsky, as well as his influence on ideas about the ethnic history of the Golden Horde population and theoretical problems of ethnogenesis. Research materials: The authors of the article were based on numerous publications by L.T. Yablonsky, as well as personal impressions from meetings with the researcher on expeditions and at academic conferences. Results and novelty of the research: The authors consider the formation of L.T. Yablonsky as a unique specialist who combined archaeological training and professional study of physical anthropology. This allowed him to draw important conclusions about the formation of the Golden Horde population. Later, he resorted to this method to study the early nomads of the Aral Sea region and the South Urals. His works became an event in the research field, since they positively differed from others not only by an interdisciplinary approach to the problem under study – at the junction of archaeology and ethnogenetics – but also by the wide use of anthropological materials. Prior to these works, all information about the population of the Jochid ulus was fragmentary and unsystematic, and he was the very researcher who first connected the data of paleoanthropology and the analysis of the burial rite in medieval burial grounds. He proved the fact that the Golden Horde population consisted of mixed population groups, and identified those population groups that, in his opinion, came from Central Asia. L.T. Yablonsky attached great importance to the methodology of research on ethnogenesis and ethnic history. He advocated an integrated scientific approach to their study and emphasized the huge role of paleoanthropology and archaeology in solving ethnogenetic problems. In his opinion, the rapid divergence of various scientific disciplines – ethnology, archaeology, physical anthropology, and genetics – was the main problem that hindered the development of scientific ethnogenetic research. L.T. Yablonsky, therefore, believed that expanding comprehensive research would help solve this problem.

Problems of Studying the Siberian Statehood of the Shibanids (according to Materials of the Fourth All-Russian Research Conference: “The History, Economy, and Culture of the Medieval Turkic-Tatar States of Western Siberia”)

The article summarizes the results of the Fourth All-Russian (national) research conference “History, Economy, and Culture of the Medieval Turkic-Tatar States of Western Siberia”. It took place in the city of Kurgan on October 30, 2020. The conference was held on the Zoom platform due to the current epidemic situation. From various regions of Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan, 34 researchers took part in it. The reports were chronologically and thematically divided into the following areas: the issues of the historiography and source studies of the political and ethnic history of the Siberian states; the Tyumen Khanate and its heritage, the Siberian Khanate and its neighbors; and Western Siberia from the end of the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries: politics, population, and culture. The speakers summed up and set new prospects for research on the problems of archaeological and historical source studies related to Siberian statehood, the ethno-social and political history of the Tyumen and Siberian yurts, and issues of political relations of late medieval Siberian states with their neighbors including the Muscovite state and the Bukhara Khanate. In the latter case, it was proposed to consider these relations in the context of larger geopolitical realities in Eurasia in the sixteenth century. Special attention was paid to the discussion of Tatar-Ugric relations which continue to be a promising research area. The problems and chronology of the entry of the Turkic-Tatar and Ugric peoples of Western Siberia into the Russian state were discussed as well. Further ways of studying the problems of the history, economy, and culture of the medieval Turkic-Tatar states of Western Siberia were considered for the preparation of the next conference in Kurgan in 2023. Using the possibilities of interdisciplinary research by specialists in the field of history, archaeology, ethnology, numismatics, and genetics is of great importance in determining the prospects for further research. Taking into account the limited written base of sources on the history of Western Siberia of the late Middle Ages and early modern period, interdisciplinarity and a combined approach can solve some controversial issues and problems, as well as provide us with new potential opportunities to study the history of the Tyumen and Siberian Khanate.

The Influence of Deportation on the Identity of Germans of Russia and Kazakhstan

The deportation of the Soviet Germans in 1941 was a turning point in their ethnic history. The deportation had a big influence on the ethnic identity of the Germans and transformed it. The aim of the research is to determine the influence of the deportation of 1941 on the modern identity of the Germans in Russia and Kazakhstan. The article contains facts about the deportation, analyzes its consequences, first of all the radical change in the territorial distribution of the Germans. The central part of the article is devoted to the influence of traumatic events on the identity of the people. The empirical base of the research consists of memories collected in expeditions and archives, as well as the results of an ethnosociological survey of Germans conducted in 2020 with the support of the International Union of German Culture. The final part is dedicated to the historical memory and presentation of the deportation events in the museums of Russia and Kazakhstan. The conclusions of the research are that the events of the deportation continue influencing the ethnic identity of the Germans of Russia and Kazakhstan greatly. The cause of it is incompleteness of rehabilitation, activities of public organizations, historical memory in which deportation occupies a central place. The authors show the need to form a positive identity that generates interest in the history and culture of their own people, a sense of pride and integrity of ethnic identity.

Шошоолог: этноним и этническая история

Introduction. This article under takes a study of the clan name Shoshoolog (Šošōlog) in the context of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Mongolic and Turkic peoples of Inner Asia and Siberia. New historical and ethnographical data, including the evidence of ethnonymics as a part of the ethnic history of the Mongolic and Turkic peoples of the region will contribute to the knowledge of the migration and settlement history of the Shoshoolog people. The study aims at examining the etymology of the term šošōloγ, the area where it wasspread and theways of itsspread. Data and methods. The authors have taken into account written documents, ethnographical and folklore sources that contained references to the ethnonym in question. The written sources of the period between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, mainly in Russian, such as Cossacks’ otpiski (reports), and, more recent, travel and census reports, contain various forms of the ethnonym, often incorrectly spelled but still of interest as evidence pointing at the settlement areas of the ethnic group, as well as a source for linguistic speculation. The ethnographical sources include references to the ethnic group in question based on the legends and sagas shedding light on the people’s origin and settlement patterns both in the Baikal area and in Mongolia. The folklore texts written down by N. N. Poppe, S. P. Baldaev, etc. Include the stories of the Shoshoolog as a Buryat clan with a strong Shamanic background, as well as various forms of the ethnonym. Granted the available knowledge of the historical patterns in the language evolution, the orthographical forms of the ethnonym contained in different records were used as the data for further phonetical reconstructions and localizations of the ethnonym’s phonetic shape in terms of chronological and geographical dimensions. This data, alongside other material on the ethnonymics and onomastics of Mongolic and Turkic peoples, contributes to the linguistic part of the database in the field. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of ethnonymic evidence contained in a variety of sources examined resulted in phonetic reconstructions of the ethnonym under study to finally shed new light on its etymology, as well as to project further developments of its phonetic shape.

Journeys of Ethno-Cultural Continuity: Comparing the Long-Term Acculturation of Jews with Maori and Chinese

<p>This thesis sought to establish a new field of research in cross-cultural psychology: Long-term acculturation. In Chapter one, ethno-cultural continuity was introduced as a group-oriented acculturation goal for diaspora and indigenous peoples, and the impact of the ethno-cultural group and the larger society on ethno-cultural continuity was recognised. In Chapter two, cultural transmission was considered as the central mechanism for ethno-cultural continuity, with endogamy playing a key role in ensuring coherent enculturation. As such, individual behaviour in terms of marital choice can also shape the future of the ethno-cultural group. Thus far, research on factors such as perceived similarity, attraction and social network approval that predict ethnic endogamy and its prelude, selective dating, has been interpreted as a manifestation of ethnocentrism. In contrast, a predictive model was posited wherein a greater ideological impetus underlies both endogamy and selective dating - that of individual concerns for collective continuity. Furthermore, it was suggested that such concerns were shaped by individual awareness of social representations of ethnic history. In Chapter three, the continuity of diaspora Jewry was compared to indigenous Maori and diaspora Chinese in order to understand how shared and unique collective experiences in the past and present shape the current acculturation of individuals. Hypotheses on the intensity of endogamy intentions, incidence of selective dating behaviour, and the importance and function of individual concerns for ethno-cultural continuity and awareness of ethnic history were drawn from ethnographic material on the long-term acculturation of these three ethno-cultural groups. The constructs of Motivation for Ethno-cultural Continuity (MEC) and measures of individual awareness of social representations of ethnic history were conceptualised in Chapter four based on qualitative analysis of three focus group discussions with Jewish (n=8), Maori (n=5) and Chinese (n=5) New Zealanders. In Chapter five, quantitative measures of MEC, subjects of remembrance (WHO), ethno-historical consciousness (WHAT), and vicarious experience of ethnic history (HOW) were developed and validated against measures of Collective Self-Esteem, Perceived Collective Continuity, Perceived Group Entitativity and Assimilation in a pilot study with 152 Jews from Sydney, Australia. Two quantitative studies were subsequently conducted to test the predictive model of endogamy: A cross-cultural study in Chapter six compared New Zealand Jews (n=106), Maori (n=103), and Chinese (n=102); a cross-national study in Chapter seven compared Jewish continuity in New Zealand (n=106), Australia (n=108), Canada (n=160) and the United States (n=107). The conclusions drawn in Chapter eight highlight that vitality affects continuity across ethno-cultural groups such that MEC is more important and functionally predictive of endogamy intentions only for 'small peoples'; and within ethno-cultural groups endogamy intentions and selective dating is thwarted in small communities. For the Jewish and Maori samples, MEC fully mediated the relation between ethno-cultural identity and intentions for endogamy and was a consistent and stronger predictor than similarity, attraction, and social network approval. For the Chinese sample, attraction and approval were the only significant predictors. Furthermore, individual awareness of social representations of ethnic history mediated the relation between ethno-cultural identity and MEC such that identity predicted ethno-historical consciousness (WHAT), that predicted a vicarious experience of ethnic history (HOW), that in turn predicted MEC. Overall the results demonstrate that in the field of long-term acculturation it is important to examine psychological variables such as MEC and individual awareness of social representations of ethnic history that provide internal momentum for the continuity of ethno-cultural groups.</p>

Journeys of Ethno-Cultural Continuity: Comparing the Long-Term Acculturation of Jews with Maori and Chinese

<p>This thesis sought to establish a new field of research in cross-cultural psychology: Long-term acculturation. In Chapter one, ethno-cultural continuity was introduced as a group-oriented acculturation goal for diaspora and indigenous peoples, and the impact of the ethno-cultural group and the larger society on ethno-cultural continuity was recognised. In Chapter two, cultural transmission was considered as the central mechanism for ethno-cultural continuity, with endogamy playing a key role in ensuring coherent enculturation. As such, individual behaviour in terms of marital choice can also shape the future of the ethno-cultural group. Thus far, research on factors such as perceived similarity, attraction and social network approval that predict ethnic endogamy and its prelude, selective dating, has been interpreted as a manifestation of ethnocentrism. In contrast, a predictive model was posited wherein a greater ideological impetus underlies both endogamy and selective dating - that of individual concerns for collective continuity. Furthermore, it was suggested that such concerns were shaped by individual awareness of social representations of ethnic history. In Chapter three, the continuity of diaspora Jewry was compared to indigenous Maori and diaspora Chinese in order to understand how shared and unique collective experiences in the past and present shape the current acculturation of individuals. Hypotheses on the intensity of endogamy intentions, incidence of selective dating behaviour, and the importance and function of individual concerns for ethno-cultural continuity and awareness of ethnic history were drawn from ethnographic material on the long-term acculturation of these three ethno-cultural groups. The constructs of Motivation for Ethno-cultural Continuity (MEC) and measures of individual awareness of social representations of ethnic history were conceptualised in Chapter four based on qualitative analysis of three focus group discussions with Jewish (n=8), Maori (n=5) and Chinese (n=5) New Zealanders. In Chapter five, quantitative measures of MEC, subjects of remembrance (WHO), ethno-historical consciousness (WHAT), and vicarious experience of ethnic history (HOW) were developed and validated against measures of Collective Self-Esteem, Perceived Collective Continuity, Perceived Group Entitativity and Assimilation in a pilot study with 152 Jews from Sydney, Australia. Two quantitative studies were subsequently conducted to test the predictive model of endogamy: A cross-cultural study in Chapter six compared New Zealand Jews (n=106), Maori (n=103), and Chinese (n=102); a cross-national study in Chapter seven compared Jewish continuity in New Zealand (n=106), Australia (n=108), Canada (n=160) and the United States (n=107). The conclusions drawn in Chapter eight highlight that vitality affects continuity across ethno-cultural groups such that MEC is more important and functionally predictive of endogamy intentions only for 'small peoples'; and within ethno-cultural groups endogamy intentions and selective dating is thwarted in small communities. For the Jewish and Maori samples, MEC fully mediated the relation between ethno-cultural identity and intentions for endogamy and was a consistent and stronger predictor than similarity, attraction, and social network approval. For the Chinese sample, attraction and approval were the only significant predictors. Furthermore, individual awareness of social representations of ethnic history mediated the relation between ethno-cultural identity and MEC such that identity predicted ethno-historical consciousness (WHAT), that predicted a vicarious experience of ethnic history (HOW), that in turn predicted MEC. Overall the results demonstrate that in the field of long-term acculturation it is important to examine psychological variables such as MEC and individual awareness of social representations of ethnic history that provide internal momentum for the continuity of ethno-cultural groups.</p>

Issues of the History of the Greek Presence on Ukrainian Territory in Modern National Historiography

The purpose of the study is a historiographical analysis of the works of modern Ukrainian historians on the issues of ethnic history of the Greeks of Ukraine, who belong to its oldest and most stable ethnic communities. In this regard, several tasks are set, one of which is to define main thematic areas of these studies and the degree of their analysis. The methodology is based on the scientific principles of historicism and objectivity. Specific scientific methods of historiographic analysis, synthesis, ideographic and other methods were used. Scientific novelty is determined primarily by the fact that this topic within the outlined chronological boundaries has not become the subject of a separate scientific study so far. Conclusions: Development of issues of ethnic history of the Greeks of Ukraine, which was initiated in the studies of scholars from Western European countries and the Russian Empire at the end of the XVIII – XIX centuries and has evolved significantly thanks to the scientific achievements of Soviet historians, received a new impetus in the early 1990s in the works of Ukrainian historians. The emergence of another wave of scientific interest in this topic is associated with the reset of the national historical science after the proclamation of independence of Ukraine, the imperatives of state ethnopolitics, the demands of the Ukrainian public, etc. These developments are based on a wide range of newly discovered sources and are characterized by modern research approaches, rethinking key issues of the problem, developing new theories (primarily on the ethnogenesis of Urums and Roumeans), etc. It is determined that a significant contribution to the study of the issue was made by the staff of the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, in particular the Cabinet of Ukrainian-Greek Relations (since 2007 – Research Center for Ukrainian-Greek Relations) headed by N.O. Terentyeva. Against the background of a wide variety of issues on the ethnic history of Ukrainian Greeks, which have a fairly high level of development today, primarily in the history of the Greeks of Nizhyn and North Azov region, their national and cultural life in independent Ukraine is the least represented

PROBLEMS OF ETHNOGENESIS AND ETHNIC HISTORY OF THE UZBEK PEOPLE IN THE DISSERTATION STUDIES OF THE MODERN HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY

The article examines the relevance of the problem of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people, its importance in historical science. Ethnographic, anthropological, historiographic, source study, archaeological dissertation research on the topic for the years of independence is analyzed. Scientific views, opinions and approaches to the problem in scientific research are described from a historiographic point of view. During the years of independence, local researchers have carried out a small number of dissertations on this issue. These studies are important for studying the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people.Index Terms:ethnos, ethnogenesis, ethnic history, turkic tribes, ethnography, archeology, anthropology, historiography, source study