Effects of Camera Placement on Undergraduates’ Peer Teaching Reflection

We investigated whether camera placement affects peer teachers’ focus of attention during reflection. Preservice music teachers ( N = 14) reflected on peer teaching videos that had been recorded simultaneously from a head-mounted camera and a tripod-mounted camera at the back of the classroom. Participants completed the teaching reflection cycle twice, providing their observation comments in response to open-ended prompts. Responses were coded, with a single sentence as the unit of analysis, and a three-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant difference in comment frequencies according to comment type (student-focused or teacher-focused) but not according to camera placement or trial. Our results corroborate previous research indicating that undergraduate peer teachers focus more on themselves than on their peers, and suggest that placing the camera in a position that shows the students, rather than the teacher, does not seem to affect this tendency. We discuss the implications for peer teaching experiences in teacher education courses.

The impacts of camera placement on species detectability in an Indonesian terrestrial community

<p>Ecologists have increasingly favoured the use of camera traps in studies of animal populations and their behaviour. Because camera trap study design commonly implements non-random selective placement, we must consider how this placement strategy affects the integrity of our data collection. Selective placement of camera traps have the benefits of 1) maximizing the probability of encounter events by sampling habitats or microhabitats of known significance to a focus or closely-related species and 2) reducing data collection and maintenance effort in the field by situating cameras along more easily-accessible landscape features. Introducing a non-random survey method, such as selective placement, into a project studying a species or community that also expresses non-random habitat use may lead to unintentionally biased data and inaccurate results. By using a paired on-trail/off-trail camera-trap study design, my aim is to investigate potential differences in popular ecological indices, species detection probability (p) using multi-method occupancy models, and intraspecific temporal activity for a terrestrial community in Gunung Palung National Park in Indonesian Borneo. Differences in detection probability between on and off-trail cameras were compared against species characteristics (including body size, diet, and taxonomic group) to find potential correlations. While several species exhibited a significant difference in detection probability between cameras placed on foot trails and those placed randomly off-trail, there was no measured community trend. This stresses my conclusion further that a non-random study design leaves results open to bias from unknown patterns in detection due to underlying variation in behaviour and microhabitat use. Selective placement may be effective for increasing detection probability for some species but can also lead to substantial bias if the features selected for are not explicitly taken into account within the analysis or balanced with a control in the study design. In addition, a positive interactive effect was found between on trail species detection and body size for the terrestrial omnivore guild, and three species presented significant variation in temporal activity between camera placement types. This provides evidence that camera placement not only affects species state parameters and indices but has a noticeable impact on behavioural observations that require accountability as well.</p>

The impacts of camera placement on species detectability in an Indonesian terrestrial community

<p>Ecologists have increasingly favoured the use of camera traps in studies of animal populations and their behaviour. Because camera trap study design commonly implements non-random selective placement, we must consider how this placement strategy affects the integrity of our data collection. Selective placement of camera traps have the benefits of 1) maximizing the probability of encounter events by sampling habitats or microhabitats of known significance to a focus or closely-related species and 2) reducing data collection and maintenance effort in the field by situating cameras along more easily-accessible landscape features. Introducing a non-random survey method, such as selective placement, into a project studying a species or community that also expresses non-random habitat use may lead to unintentionally biased data and inaccurate results. By using a paired on-trail/off-trail camera-trap study design, my aim is to investigate potential differences in popular ecological indices, species detection probability (p) using multi-method occupancy models, and intraspecific temporal activity for a terrestrial community in Gunung Palung National Park in Indonesian Borneo. Differences in detection probability between on and off-trail cameras were compared against species characteristics (including body size, diet, and taxonomic group) to find potential correlations. While several species exhibited a significant difference in detection probability between cameras placed on foot trails and those placed randomly off-trail, there was no measured community trend. This stresses my conclusion further that a non-random study design leaves results open to bias from unknown patterns in detection due to underlying variation in behaviour and microhabitat use. Selective placement may be effective for increasing detection probability for some species but can also lead to substantial bias if the features selected for are not explicitly taken into account within the analysis or balanced with a control in the study design. In addition, a positive interactive effect was found between on trail species detection and body size for the terrestrial omnivore guild, and three species presented significant variation in temporal activity between camera placement types. This provides evidence that camera placement not only affects species state parameters and indices but has a noticeable impact on behavioural observations that require accountability as well.</p>

On the computational cost of the set cover approach for the optimal camera placement problem and possible set-cover-inspired trade-offs for surveillance infrastructure design

The NP-hard minimum set cover problem (SCP) is a very typical model to use when attempting to formalise optimal camera placement (OCP) applications. In a generic form, the OCP problem relates to the positioning of individual cameras such that the overall network is able to cover a given area while meeting a set of application-specific requirements (image quality, redundancy, ...) and optimising an objective, typically minimum cost or maximum coverage. In this paper, we focus on an application called global or persistent surveillance: camera networks which ensure full coverage of a given area. As preliminary work, an instance generation framework is proposed to create OCP instances from real-world data and solve them using existing literature. The computational cost of both the instance generation process and the solving algorithms however highlights a need for more efficient methods for decision makers to use in real-world settings. In this paper, we therefore propose to review the suitability of the approach, and more specifically to question two key elements: the impact of sampling frequencies and the importance of rigid full-coverage constraints. The results allow us to quickly provide decision makers with an overview of available solutions and trade-offs.

A practical guide for estimating animal density using camera traps: Focus on the REST model

Estimating animal density and finding the factors that influence it are central in wildlife conservation and management but challenging to achieve, particularly in forested areas. Camera trapping is a pervasive method in forest mammal survey and a plausible technique to overcome this challenge. This report provides a practical guide for conducting a camera trap survey to estimate the density of forest mammals applying the random encounter and staying time (REST) model. We firstly provide a brief explanation about the structure and assumptions of the REST model. Next, we describe essential points during different steps in planning a survey: determination of objectives, design of camera placement, choice of camera models, camera setting, the layout of the camera station, and list of covariates. We then develop detail-oriented instruction for conducting a survey and analysing the obtained video data. We encourage camera trap surveyors to provide the practised protocols of their surveys, which will be helpful to other camera trappers.

Hubungan Peletakan Kamera (Angle) dalam Iklan Berbentuk Video

In an advertisement sometimes there is a meaning that is presented not straightforward. Every TVC that uses real human talent cannot be separated from the camera's perspective. THE IMPORTANCE OF CAMERA VIEWS ON VIDEO MEDIA ADVERTISING examines the relationship of camera placement (angle) in influencing the message conveyed by a TVC and how cinematography is used as visual rhetoric. The study was conducted qualitatively with a semiotic film analysis approach. Data THE IMPORTANCE OF CAMERA VIEWS ON VIDEO MEDIA ADS is grouped into 4 structures, namely Visual Structure, Verbal Structure (Language, Character, Settings, Time), Narrative Structure and Audio Structure. Diachronic analysis using signifier (sign) and signified (sign) views. Some types of angles are Extreme Long Shot (ELS), Very Long Shot (VLS), Long Shot (LS), Medium Long Shot (MLS), Medium Shot (MS), Medium Close Up (MCU), Close Up (CU), Big Close Up (BCU), Low Angle Shot, Eye Level Shot. The selection of the selected images to be analyzed is carried out on the following basis: (1) Selecting an image according to the type of camera angle. (2) Sort images according to the type of camera angle. (3) Analyze each film and the impression built from each camera's perspective. (4) Comparing the impressions of the two analyzes. (5) Explain the reasons for the different impressions that arise, when the viewpoint of the camera is the same but the impression obtained is different. The camera angle is important in creating certain impressions, for example the impression of horror.

A Case for Raising the Camera: A Driving Simulator Test of Camera-Monitor Systems

Objective This experiment provides a first-of-its-kind driving-simulator study to investigate the feasibility of camera-monitor systems (CMS) with displaced side-mounted cameras in sedans. Background Among the increasing number of studies investigating the replacement of side-mounted rearview mirrors with CMS, the placement of side-mounted cameras has been largely neglected. Moreover, user preferences with respect to camera placement have not been validated in a driving simulator. Past research merely has shown that the vertical camera position can affect distance perception. Method In a driving simulator experiment, we investigated the effects of rearward camera placement on driver acceptance and performance. Thirty-six participants performed multiple lane changes in a last safe-gap paradigm. The camera position, ego-velocity, and velocity of the approaching vehicle varied across the experiment. Results The results suggest a clear preference for a high rearward perspective, whereas participants disliked the lower viewpoint. However, these stark differences were only marginally mirrored in lane change performance. Average safety margins tended to decrease and their variation tended to increase for the low camera position. Conclusion Even if the impact of the camera position on driving behavior seems to be small in sedans, driver expectations show clear-cut preferences. When designing CMS, this should be taken into account, as these preferences could promote the use of CMS and thus their positive impact on safety. Application Designers should place side-mounted cameras as high as possible to increase acceptance of CMS. Low camera positions are not recommended, as they might decrease safety margins and are not appreciated by drivers.

Optimal Camera Placement in a Virtual Environment

Camera placement in a virtual environment consists of positioning and orienting a 3D virtual camera so as to respect a set of visual or cinematographic properties defined by the user. Carrying out this task is difficult in practice. Indeed, the user has a clear vision of the result he wants to obtain in terms of the arrangement of the objects in the image. In this chapter, the authors identify three areas of research that are relatively little covered by the literature dedicated to camera placement and which nevertheless appear essential. On the one hand, existing approaches offer little flexibility in both solving and describing a problem in terms of visual properties, especially when it has no solution. They propose a flexible solution method which computes the set of solutions, maximizing the satisfaction of the properties of the problem, whether it is over constrained or not. On the other hand, the existing methods calculate only one solution, even when the problem has several classes of equivalent solutions in terms of satisfaction of properties. They introduce the method of semantic volumes which computes the set of classes of semantically equivalent solutions and proposes a representative of each of them to the user. Finally, the problem of occlusion, although essential in the transmission of information, is little addressed by the community. Consequently, they present a new method of taking into account occlusion in dynamic real-time environments.