PREPOSISI “di” DALAM PERSPEKTIF SEMANTIK KOGNITIF

AbstrakKBBI daring menyebut di sebagai kata depan yang menandai tempat, waktu, dan dapat pula semakna dengan preposisi akan, kepada, dari. Dengan perspektif semantik kognitif, makna di tidak hanya terbatas pada lima hal yang disebut dalam KBBI tersebut. Penelitian ini mengamati penggunaan preposisi di dengan mengandalkan paradigma semantik kognitif Tyler dan Evans (2003) dan data bahasa Indonesia dari leipzig corpora (https://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=ind_mixed_2013). Hasil pengamatan menyatakan bahwa preposisi di digunakan dengan makna yang lebih luas dari lima hal yang disebutkan KBBI daring, yaitu makna lokatif (spasial dan nonspasial), makna berada pada lingkup sesuatu, makna beban, makna temporal, dan makna menggantung pada. Makna-makna itu sejatinya bermuara pada satu makna primer, yaitu makna membatasi ruang baik secara fisik geometris, maupun nonfisik geometris.Kata kunci: preposisi, makna primer, makna perluasan, semanti kognitif, spasial AbstractThe online KBBI mentions di as a preposition that marks the place, and time. It also has the same meaning with the prepositions kepada, akan, dan dari. Using a cognitive semantic perspective, the meaning of di is not only limited to the five things mentioned in the online KBBI. This study observes the use of the preposition di by relying on the cognitive semantic paradigm of Tyler and Evans (2003) and Indonesian data from leipzig corpora (https://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=ind_mixed_2013). The results state that the preposition di is used with a broader meaning than the five things mentioned in the online KBBI. Those extended senses are locative sense (spatial and non-spatial), being in the scope of something sense, burden sense, temporal sense, and hanging on sense, which actually lead to one primary sense, that is the containment sense, both spatial physico-geometric and non-spatial physico-geometric.Keywords: preposition, primary sense, extended sense, cognitive semantics, spatial

No Infimum Gap and Normality in Optimal Impulsive Control Under State Constraints

In this paper we consider an impulsive extension of an optimal control problem with unbounded controls, subject to endpoint and state constraints. We show that the existence of an extended-sense minimizer that is a normal extremal for a constrained Maximum Principle ensures that there is no gap between the infima of the original problem and of its extension. Furthermore, we translate such relation into verifiable sufficient conditions for normality in the form of constraint and endpoint qualifications. Links between existence of an infimum gap and normality in impulsive control have previously been explored for problems without state constraints. This paper establishes such links in the presence of state constraints and of an additional ordinary control, for locally Lipschitz continuous data.

Ansätze einer Phänomenologie der Performativität von (Musik-)Theatertexten am Beispiel der Übertragung des Singspiels „Die Entführung aus dem Serail“ von W. A. Mozart ins Griechische

Western theatre production processes are historically characterized by their logos-centered approach. Therefore, the text is the starting point of all creative work. In this context, the theatrical text, as a literary phenomenon, is at the forefront of the action, whereby the “performance” of the text within a performance itself is often only perceived as a “disturbing” accessory. If, however, one entertains phenomenological thoughts in relation to the aesthetic production processes in theatre, one does not refer explicitly and exclusively to a text as a mental, cognitive construction of sense and meaning; rather, one extends the aesthetic working process to all the parameters involved in the interrelated theatre production process. The resulting theatrical expression is more than just logos in the form of a text. It is logos in an extended sense, which in turn can be perceived and experienced bodily, as well as sensually by the recipient. As a consequence, the theatre artist is offered new approaches to the performative understanding of a theatrical text. In this context, such a purposeful observation and perception of a particular appearance is of decisive importance. On the basis of these phenomenological considerations for the presentation of a theatre text on stage, we examine the libretto of W. A. Mozart’s “The Abduction from the Seraglio” in order to show how a translation of the spoken dialogues (prose) of this Singspiel into Greek allows the Greek-speaking audience a performative approach to the text.

Necessary, Transcendental, and Universal Truth

A simple puzzle leads Fine to conclude that we should distinguish between worldly sentences like “Socrates exists,” whose truth values depend on circumstances and unworldly ones like “Socrates is human,” which are true or false independently of circumstances. The former, if true in every circumstance, express necessary propositions. The latter, if true, express transcendental propositions, which, for theoretical convenience, we regard as necessary in an extended sense. Here it is argued that this understanding is backwards. Transcendental truths and sentences true in every circumstance (here labeled universal truths) are both species of necessary truth. The revised understanding is clarified by a simple formal system with distinct operators for necessary, transcendental, and universal truth. The system is axiomatized. Its universal-truth fragment coincides with something that Arthur Prior once proposed as System A. The ideas of necessary, transcendental truth are further clarified by considering their interaction with actual truth. Adding an operator for actually true to the formal system produces a system closely related to one of Crossley and Humberstone.

Post-Newtonian anatomy and physiology: The gravitational and parasympathetic experience in bio-somatic dance movement naturotherapy

In this article, I expand western anatomy’s normative geography of the vertebral column to include the atlantooccipital joints, the sphenoid-basilar joint, the occipital bone, the cranial sutures and the sacroiliac joints. The sphenoid-basilar joint is considered one of the most important joints to contact in the practice of bio-somatic dance movement naturotherapy; it is a central joint and point of conscious awareness that organizes the entire vertebral column. Further, I share scientific reasons why gravity and an extended sense-perception of the vertebral column beyond the normative is essential to health. The article invites the craniosacral system into expression, the dural membranes into awareness, and the vagus nerve into creative play. Other areas discussed are the intervertebral discs, the facet joints and the primary and secondary curves. Notably, this anatomical theory is enacted through post-Newtonian somatic principles that bring objectified theory alive through the living soma on the academic page.

Enlil, Isaiah, and the Origins of the‌ʾ‌ĕlîlîm: A Reassessment

The characteristically Isaianic term אליל for other gods does not have its roots in an earlier Semitic adjective, as has often been thought. Rather, it was adopted from Akkadian Illil/Enlil into Hebrew because it reflected the rhetoric of Neo-Assyrian rulers. As in Akkadian, it was used in an extended sense to refer to major divinities; and it was retained in the Isaianic tradition presumably because it was a useful term for »false gods«—readily comprehensible even as a new coinage, yet distinct from the terms used for Yhwh. As anti-idol polemics became increasingly prominent and vicious, the latest Isaianic tradents avoided אליל, preferring more overt terms for idols. Eventually, it came to be reanalyzed as an adjective and used as a mere insult: »worthless«.

EXTENSION OF THE SEMANTICS OF WORDS RELATING TO THE THEMATIC GROUP ‘PLANT WORLD’ (on the Material of the ‘Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects’)

This article discusses the semantics of lexical units included in the thematic group ‘Plant World’. For a person with a traditional worldview, nature is the basis for the formation of a system of views, values, for numerous rethinking. The material for analysis in the article is provided not by a lexicographic source but by a linguo-geographical one. A collection of maps of the recently published first issue of The Plant World of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects allows us to make rather interesting observations. Work with the material of semantic maps makes it possible not only to establish changes in the semantics of lexical units but also to find areas that are associated with the use of a word in one or another secondary meaning. In some cases, there were created duplicate maps devoted solely to the functioning of lexical units in extended sense. Systemic analysis of maps makes it possible to identify patterns in the semantic shifts of lexemes denoting facts and phenomena of the world around as the main meaning. There have been revealed semantic shifts of lexemes from the thematic group ‘Plant World’ to the field of subject, locative and anthropomorphic registers. Such examples of the extensive use of words are not unexpected for the Russian language. It should also be emphasized that the analysis of comments and other materials accompanying maps allows us to establish the features of shifts in semantics. It has been determined that a shift to the subject and locative semantic register is mainly associated with metonymy mechanisms, while a shift to the area of the anthropomorphic semantic register – with the metaphorical transfer mechanisms. The author draws conclusions concerning both the use of map materials for analyzing the extension of semantics and the features of secondary nominations in lexemes belonging to the thematic group ‘Plant World’.

Mark 10:38–39: Was Jesus’s Challenge ‘Drinking the Cup and Becoming Drunk’? Extended Senses of Baptizō in the NT

Use of baptizō and baptisma in Mark 10:38–39 to signify ‘destined suffering’ has puzzled many exegetes. It appears, however, that baptizō bore a contemporary extended sense of intoxicate that provides a reasonable solution. Jesus’s original Semitic saying behind Mark 10:38–39 may have challenged James and John with drinking the cup and being drunken, employing two Semitic metaphors to signify a horrific ordeal. This article reviews evidence that supports use of baptizō for intoxication. The article also reviews Eckhard Schnabel’s proposed lexical entry for defining extended senses of baptizō, including drunkenness, and his call to translate baptizō in the NT and not merely to transliterate it as ‘baptize’.

Divine Agency as Literal in Cognitive Linguistic Perspective: Response to “Conceiving God: Literal and Figurative Prompt for a More Tectonic Distinction” by Robert Masson

In “Conceiving God: Literal and Figurative Prompt for a More Tectonic Distinction” Robert Masson criticizes my claim that some concepts of God can be literal in the sense of a non-extended meaning as defined by cognitive linguists. He claims that all of our ideas for God can only be through extended meanings (what is typically called figurative language). He says that blending theory requires this conclusion. In response I make three points. First, I argue that this is not what cognitive linguistics requires. Second, that Masson fails to ever show that “God is an agent” is actually a single scope or double scope blend. Third, I suggest that behind our dispute are different metaphysical commitments regarding divine transcendence. Because I reject his understanding of divine transcendence and he fails to show that divine agency must be understood only in an extended sense, I conclude that religious believers can legitimately claim that some of their ideas of God are literal (non-extended meanings).