Habitat Assessment and Regeneration Pattern of Himalayan Birch (Betula utilis) in Royal Botanical Park, Lampelri

The Himalayan Birch (Betula utilis D. Don) an essential tree species due to its ecological and social importance in the himalayan region. The study assessed the effect of environmental factors on habitat, growth, and regeneration patterns of the Himalayan Birch at the Royal Botanical Park, Lampelri, Bhutan . Two vertical transects with a spacing of 75 m were laid across the altitudinal gradient. A total of 10 circular sample plots were laid on each transect with a plot size of 12.62 m for trees, 3.57 m for regeneration, and 0.57 m for ground cover vegetation. A total of 119 vascular plant species under 45 families were recorded in 20 survey plots. The Spearman rho’s correlation showed strong negative correlation between the species abundance and temperature (rs=- .83) and positive correlation with the species count and altitude (rs = .83). The species richness in the study area showed an initial increase up to certain with elevation and then decreased with further increase in elevation. The importance value index (IVI) of tree species showed Tsuga dumosa as the most dominant species. Betula utilis indicated an increasing density with an increase in elevation. The regeneration of Betula utilis was poor as it was mostly found in a sapling stage. From a total of 43 tree species regenerating, 13.95% showed good regeneration, 34.88% fair, 23.25% poor, and 4.65% without regeneration. The remaining 23.25% seems to be either reappearing or immigrating.

Direct in Vitro Organogenesis From Sprouted Seeds of a Highly Economical and Ecological Valued Tree, Korean Pine

The de novo organogenesis system for Korean pine of this economically and ecologically coniferous species was success fully established using sprouted seeds as the original explants. After 30 days of incubation, 92.67% of explants produced direct shoots on Gupta and Durzan(DCR) medium containing 2 mg · L −1 kinetin (KT) in combination 0.5 mg · L −1 thidiazuron (TDZ) with a maximum of about 15 shoots per explant respectively. We also confirmed the organogenic regeneration pattern by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. For shoot elongation and growth after 60 days of culture, we obtained the highest mean length of 34.99 mm from DCR basal media supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (6-BA; 0.2 mg · L −1 ), 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.1 mg · L −1 ), and activated charcoal (AC; 1 g · L −1 ). The highest rooting percentages of 20.74-21.48% were observed within two months in the 1/2 DCR medium (major elements halved) enriched with 0.05 mg·L −1 NAA and 0.5 or 1 mg · L −1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Rooted plants showed a survival rate of 90.28% in perlite: peat: vermiculite = 1:1:1 after acclimatization. This protocol is a successful and efficient biotechnological approach to the micropropagation of Korean pine, and these data will be helpful to the clonal propagation and conservation of Korean pine.

Forest Structure, Diversity and Regeneration Pattern Along Altitudinal Gradient in Temperate Zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (a World Heritage Site), Western Himalaya, India

BackgroundThe present study exhibited forest structure, plant species composition and regeneration pattern in temperate zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR), western Himalaya along the different altitudinal gradient (2600 to 3600 m asl). The diverse ecosystems of the NDBR contain a tremendous array of floral and faunal diversity, many of which are rare and endangered species. ResultsA total of 223 species of vascular plants (Angiosperm, Gymnosperm and Pteridophytes) were identified within the study area. Rosacaeae (17.69 %) family was exhibited dominant followed by Asteraceae (14.97 %) and Ranunculaceae (12.93 %). Among all the plant species, Betula utilis had highest tree density (724 & 324 individuals ha-1 in each site) and contributed maximum dominance of species cover (44 % and 36 % ) at Tolma and Ghangaria sites followed by Pinus wallichiana (24 %) and Cedrus deodara (15 %), respectively. In Ghangaria site, 56 % tree species showed fair regeneration, 22 % good, 11% exhibited poor and remaining (11 %) indicated no regeneration while at Tolma site, 40 % species showed fair regeneration, 40 % good and remaining 20 % no regeneration. ConclusionOur results suggest to monitor the change in vegetation structure, species composition and regeneration pattern, we should establish permanent study plots in different forest types located along the elevational gradients for an effective and comprehensive monitoring programme to tracks the response of changing climate at both community and species level. Therefore, it is necessary to development of appropriate weather and meteorological station in this sensitive and ecologically important area for regional projection of micro climatic condition and generation of scientific data on changing vegetation composition and advancement of the native species.

Population structure, harvesting rate and regeneration status of four woody species in Kimboza forest reserve, Morogoro region - Tanzania

Kimboza forest reserve is recognized as an IUCN category IV-habitat and species management area, but the information on population structure, harvesting rate and regeneration status of four commercial woody species, namely; Khaya anthotheca, Milicia excelsa, Pterocarpus angolensis and Dalbergia melanoxylon in the forest are lacking. This study, therefore, aims to fill this gap. A total of five transects were established in the forest whereby within each transect, five nested quadrats of 20 m × 20 m were placed at 200 m distance for sampling stems with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm and stumps of the target species. Stems with DBH <10 cm were counted in a quadrat of 5 m × 5 m placed within the big quadrat. The findings show that density of stems & harvesting rate for Khaya anthotheca, Milicia excelsa, Pterocarpus angolensis and Dalbergia melanoxylon were 4.8 stems ha-1 & 6.6 stumps ha-1, 12.6 stems ha-1 & 3.4 stumps ha-1, 16.0 stems ha-1 & 2.8 stumps ha-1, and 5.6 stems ha-1 & 1.2 stumps ha-1, respectively. The DBH class distribution for Khaya anthotheca, Milicia excelsa and Pterocarpus angolensis displayed a good regeneration pattern, however, the last two were interrupted in high size classes. The Dalbergia melanoxylon revealed a poor regeneration pattern. The study recommends that illegal harvest of the species should be controlled, environmental education be provided to locals, and stringent measures be institutionalized against illegal loggers.

Analyzing environmental determinants of tree species distributions and regeneration pattern in Western Himalaya, India

Proper documentation of tree distribution across the globe has been considered crucial to assess the relationships between species occurrence and changing climate, and accordingly in designing the conservation action plans. Himalaya is one of the regions in the world where the temperature is gradually increasing at a rate higher than the global average. Therefore, it becomes imperative to understand the most influential parameters for major tree species distribution and its regeneration pattern across their habitat in Western Himalaya (WH) via direct gradient analysis. We used National Forest Inventory (NFI) data which has a robust statistical design with data collected in a consistent manner across the timeline in systematic order. This allowed us carrying out detail analysis to reveal the aforesaid relationship and pattern. Three topographical factors (altitude, aspect, slope), four major climatic variables (temperature, temperature seasonality, precipitation and its seasonality) and four edaphic factors (soil depth, soil humus, soil consistency and soil coarse fragments) were considered as defining variables. The results indicated that the altitude and temperature were the most determinant factors followed by precipitation in shaping the distribution of major tree species in WH. The analysis also indicated the upward shift of regenerating individuals of these tree species towards higher altitude. These relevant information about the extent of current tree distribution and their regeneration pattern over the last one and half decade might help in systematic conservation planning and monitoring range dynamics under future climate change conditions.

Pola Pengkaderan Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia (KAMMI) dalam Membentuk Kepribadian Muslim di Perguruan Tinggi Se-Kota Palembang

KAMMI cadre education process is a process that is continuous and constantly experiencing growth. From a number of trainings attended by KAMMI cadres, there is a tendency and correlation between KAMMI cadre patterns and the religious behavior of participants / cadres. The higher the level of education followed by KAMMI pastors / cadres, the more thought patterns and religious behavior of participants / cadres will be formed as a Muslim person. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The purpose of this research is to find out the pattern of cadre of Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia (KAMMI) in universities throughout Palembang in shaping Muslim personalities, to find out their Muslim personalities and to understand the religious behavior of their cadres. The results showed that the KAMMI cadre pattern was oriented to the Cadre Identity Index (IJDK) as a measure to determine the success of the cadre pattern that was carried out and the implementation of the KAMMI cadre pattern in shaping Muslim personalities in direct proportion to the level of cadre membership. Muslim personalities will be formed when KAMMI members / cadres follow the regeneration pattern to the maximum. The pattern of KAMMI cadre formation of Muslim personalities has implications for the cadre's religious behavior. Referring to the understanding of Muslim personality from Hasan Al-banna about muwashofat Muslim personality, that KAMMI cadres in terms of aqidah, worship and morality tend to have reached mowasofat or cadre identity index (IJDK) but in some muwashofat (index) or indicators are still lacking, as in the case of maintaining physical / physical health, expertise and breadth of scientific insight, especially foreign languages and writing scientific papers. In addition, in terms of economic independence, the majority of KAMMI cadres are still not economically independent.

Community structure and regeneration pattern of Abies spectabilis in Sagarmatha National Park, Central Himalaya, Nepal

Community structure and regeneration pattern of Abies spectabilis was studied along the elevation gradient from 2750 to 3550 m asl in mixed forest of A. spectabilisin Sagarmatha National Park, eastern Nepal. Various community attributes (viz. importance percentage, species diversity and beta diversity) and population characteristics (e. g. density- diameter, bar diagram) were analysed. Out of the thirty four species recorded from the study forest, A. spectabilis was the co-dominant species with high species diversity. Total tree density was the highest at 3450 m and the lowest at 3550 m. Elevation appeared to be the important environmental factor that affects the community attributes of the study forest. The curve for A . spectabilis solely was lightly deviated from the typical reverse J-shaped which indicates a discontinuous regeneration pattern. The distribution of the seedling and sapling distribution was not uniform. Seedling mortality was found relatively medium and development of seedlings into saplings was also low. The lower number of sapling might be due to moderate disturbance (grazing and trampling) by livestock or due to environmental factors. The use of Abies tree for construction and firewood might be the reason of un sustainability.

Effect of Microenvironment on Species Distribution Patterns in the Regeneration Layer of Forest Gaps and Non-Gaps in a Subtropical Natural Forest, China

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of gap environmental factors on the plant population regeneration pattern in the Castanopsis kawakamii natural forest. We used the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) method to study coupling relationships between species distribution in the regeneration layer and environmental factors. The results showed that: (1) The main environmental factors that influenced species distribution in the forest gaps and non-gaps were different, and the highest explanation rate of environmental factors was the soil temperature below the surface 10 cm (ST10); (2) The relationships between species distribution in the regeneration layer of the forest gaps and non-gaps were mainly restricted by environmental factors, given the environmental factors complied with the ecological niche hypothesis; and (3) For the endangered C. kawakamii population, there were positive and negative relationships between the environmental factors and the various species in the forest gaps and non-gaps, whilst the effects of such relationships were varied. Some management operations, including the creation of artificial gaps and adequate fertilization in the non-gaps, could more effectively promote the growth and regeneration of the C. kawakamii population.