Farmers’ Preferences Regarding the Design of Animal Welfare Programs: Insights from a Choice-Based Conjoint Study in Germany

As more animal welfare is required in livestock farming, several approaches have been developed to improve the well-being of farmed animals on a voluntary basis. Since farmers’ acceptance is important for the success of these approaches, their preferences should be considered when developing farm animal welfare programs. We used choice based conjoint analysis to investigate the preferences of 242 German livestock farmers (147 cattle farmers; 95 pig farmers) regarding the design of farm animal welfare programs. The conditional logit regression models show that the measures serving as basis for remuneration and the compensation level were of decisive importance for the farmers’ choices. The most preferred measure for assessing animal welfare, and thus as the basis for remuneration, was animal health. As expected, a higher compensation level led to greater acceptance of an animal welfare approach. The commitment period was only of subordinate importance with the longer commitment period being preferred. Our study outlines aspects of farm animal welfare programs that might encourage farmers to participate in these programs. Future programs could consider our findings by emphasising health parameters and by creating planning security through longer commitment periods and sufficiently high compensations for farmers’ efforts to improve animal welfare.

The Effect of Executive Compensation on Report Lags: An Empirical Evidence

The timeliness of financial reporting has been considered as an important factor that contributes to the well-functioning of an economy. This study extends the contemporary research stream by examining determinants of the timeliness of financial reporting process. Specifically, we investigate whether report lag is influenced by (1) the level of executive compensation; (2) the level of stock-based compensation compared to cash-based compensation, and (3) the level of executive compensation above the expected compensation level. We find that firms have shorter report lag when their level of executive compensation is higher. We also document that firms with more stock-based compensation have shorter financial reporting delays. Finally, firms with executive compensation level above the expected executive compensation are more likely to have shorter report lags. Our study underscores the importance of the type and the level of compensation as determinants of firms’ earnings reporting delays.

Compensation of internal auditors: Empirical evidence for different impact factors

This paper examines the different factors which impact the compensation level of chief audit executives (CAE) and sheds light on often unobservable and, therefore, opaque drivers of CAE remuneration. An ordered logistic regression is used to analyze the effects of internal audit function (IAF) competences, stakeholder relationships, and firm complexity on the CAE compensation using survey data from 212 CAEs from a broad spectrum of companies and industries. The results of the study identify IAF competence and independence as fundamental drivers of CAE compensation and provide evidence that firm complexity in terms of foreign sales, listing status and need for monitoring constitute additional salary determinants related to the IAF environment. Our results are based on questionnaire data and subject to a possible response bias as they rely in part on the participants’ assessment of a given situation. This paper provides a benchmark for CAE compensation levels in Austria, Germany and Switzerland and offers insights on different company and IAF inherent factors that can be associated with varying salary outcomes. This study is the first to investigate the factors driving the overall compensation level of CAEs and by providing empirical evidence regarding determinants of CAE compensation.

Nonmarketization Bargaining and Actual Compensation Level for Land Requisition: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of China’s Land Requisition Conflict Events

In the land requisition market in China, two very different compensation levels for land requisition can be seen in the real world: one is the highly rigid official compensation level for land requisition and the other is a fuzzy actual compensation level for land requisition. In order to uncover the determinants of the actual compensation level for land requisition in China, this paper adopts Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to analyze the causal relationship between nonmarketization bargaining factors, like land-losing farmers’ bargaining ability, bargaining strategy, external intervention, etc., and the actual compensation level for land requisition by taking 70 land requisition conflict events occurring from 2002 to 2017 as the point of departure. The results of the empirical analysis show that if land-losing farmers have a relatively strong bargaining ability, forgo a radical bargaining strategy, and use a relatively gentle bargaining strategy instead, they can effectively force local governments to make concessions and compromises on the compensation level for land requisition. This paper not only enriches the existing research on the structure of social power, but it also has significance for the ongoing reform of the land requisition system.

Gravity Compensation Modular Robot: Proposal and Prototyping

If a robot system can take various shapes, then it can play various roles, such as humanoid, dog robot, and robot arm. A modular robot is a robot system in which robots are configured using multiple modules, and it is possible to configure robots of other shapes by varying the combinations of the modules. In conventional modular robots, the shape is restricted by gravity, and configurable shapes are limited. In this study, we propose a gravity compensation modular robot to solve this problem. This paper describes the design and prototyping of the gravity compensation modular robot, and provides examples of robot shapes configured using the gravity compensation modules and motion experiments of the robots. In the experiments, there were motions that the robots could perform and could not perform. We considered the lack in the gravity compensation level and module rigidity as the main factor of the failures. This paper also discusses the solutions to these problems.

Adequacy of Timber Trespass Civil Awards: A Louisiana Case Study

Timber trespass in Louisiana is a civil offense punishable by restitution of three times the timber’s current market value, yet whether this compensation level alone is adequate at present is unclear. We modeled a loblolly pine plantation across a range of site qualities in Louisiana. First, we estimated financial returns from a traditional sawtimber rotation using historical state timber prices that included three harvests: two thinnings and a final cut; harvest times differed by site quality. We then assumed all timber was taken at the first thinning. Net present value (NPV) determined appropriateness of compensation at 1×, 2×, and 3× stumpage revenues and was compared to the traditional rotation’s NPV. The NPVs were calculated with and without additional settlement for reforestation costs. We concluded that reforestation costs in addition to 3× stumpage value reimbursement were required to negate the effect of timber prices and better the traditional rotation’s NPV.

Work on Job Satisfaction of Employees

Shopper unwaveringness is a key goal of any relationship, since a satisfied customer is the inside stress of any affiliation; they give close thought to the segments that effect customers' satisfaction. • The data required for study will accumulate through an essential survey. • It fuses supposition of customers on various pieces of customer's wants and buyer devotion as well. Constrained time fight The Royal Enfield advancements seen on electronic and print media are absolutely far off from the Indian culture and perspective. An Indian buyer paying little mind to their compensation level has a fragile corner for shows and culture of India. From this time forward, all associations including business sector pioneers like Royal Enfieldand Bajaj benefit by this lead of customers and structure their ad campaigns recalling India. The examination has shown that operator and the understudies are the crunch sought after by the specialists. The Royal Enfield is having an energetic interest as the 62% of the buyers are seen to be underneath the age get-together of 20-30 years sought after by 30-50 years. Addition in customer request response During the assessment it was found that merchants are not satisfying the inquiries of customers in this way prescribed to grow customer question response by sellers. Addition in customer request response During the assessment it was found that dealers are not satisfying the request of customers hence proposed to extend customer question response by merchants.

HIT Solar Cells with N-Type Low-Cost Metallurgical Si

A conversion efficiency of 20.23% of heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) solar cell on 156 mm × 156 mm metallurgical Si wafer has been obtained. Applying AFORS-HET software simulation, HIT solar cell with metallurgical Si was investigated with regard to impurity concentration, compensation level, and their impacts on cell performance. It is known that a small amount of impurity in metallurgical Si materials is not harmful to solar cell properties.

The Method for Risk Assessment of SSR Caused by Doubly-Fed Wind Farms

The existing method for investigating the subsynchronous resonance (SSR) caused by wind powergeneration is mainly aimed at a deterministic condition. In order to analyse the impact of uncertain factors onSSR in wind farms, this paper defines the risk matrix and risk index, and develops a SSR-oriented riskassessment method of using probabilistic collocation method (PCM). Considering the uncertain of windspeeds, the proposed method is used to assess the SSR risk of a wind farm. The results show that under thesame wind speed distribution, the higher the series compensation level in the system is, the greater the SSRrisk of the system could be; under the same series compensation level, the SSR risks caused by different windspeed distribution are different, and the system in the areas with lower average wind speed obtains greater SSR risk.